# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
# contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
# this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
# The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
# (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
# the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
#

"""
Unit tests for pyspark.sql; additional tests are implemented as doctests in
individual modules.
"""
import os
import sys
import subprocess
import pydoc
import shutil
import tempfile
import pickle
import functools
import time
import datetime
import array
import ctypes
import py4j

try:
    import xmlrunner
except ImportError:
    xmlrunner = None

if sys.version_info[:2] <= (2, 6):
    try:
        import unittest2 as unittest
    except ImportError:
        sys.stderr.write('Please install unittest2 to test with Python 2.6 or earlier')
        sys.exit(1)
else:
    import unittest

_have_pandas = False
try:
    import pandas
    _have_pandas = True
except:
    # No Pandas, but that's okay, we'll skip those tests
    pass

from pyspark import SparkContext
from pyspark.sql import SparkSession, SQLContext, HiveContext, Column, Row
from pyspark.sql.types import *
from pyspark.sql.types import UserDefinedType, _infer_type, _make_type_verifier
from pyspark.sql.types import _array_signed_int_typecode_ctype_mappings, _array_type_mappings
from pyspark.sql.types import _array_unsigned_int_typecode_ctype_mappings
from pyspark.tests import QuietTest, ReusedPySparkTestCase, SparkSubmitTests
from pyspark.sql.functions import UserDefinedFunction, sha2, lit
from pyspark.sql.window import Window
from pyspark.sql.utils import AnalysisException, ParseException, IllegalArgumentException


_have_arrow = False
try:
    import pyarrow
    _have_arrow = True
except:
    # No Arrow, but that's okay, we'll skip those tests
    pass


class UTCOffsetTimezone(datetime.tzinfo):
    """
    Specifies timezone in UTC offset
    """

    def __init__(self, offset=0):
        self.ZERO = datetime.timedelta(hours=offset)

    def utcoffset(self, dt):
        return self.ZERO

    def dst(self, dt):
        return self.ZERO


class ExamplePointUDT(UserDefinedType):
    """
    User-defined type (UDT) for ExamplePoint.
    """

    @classmethod
    def sqlType(self):
        return ArrayType(DoubleType(), False)

    @classmethod
    def module(cls):
        return 'pyspark.sql.tests'

    @classmethod
    def scalaUDT(cls):
        return 'org.apache.spark.sql.test.ExamplePointUDT'

    def serialize(self, obj):
        return [obj.x, obj.y]

    def deserialize(self, datum):
        return ExamplePoint(datum[0], datum[1])


class ExamplePoint:
    """
    An example class to demonstrate UDT in Scala, Java, and Python.
    """

    __UDT__ = ExamplePointUDT()

    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def __repr__(self):
        return "ExamplePoint(%s,%s)" % (self.x, self.y)

    def __str__(self):
        return "(%s,%s)" % (self.x, self.y)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return isinstance(other, self.__class__) and \
            other.x == self.x and other.y == self.y


class PythonOnlyUDT(UserDefinedType):
    """
    User-defined type (UDT) for ExamplePoint.
    """

    @classmethod
    def sqlType(self):
        return ArrayType(DoubleType(), False)

    @classmethod
    def module(cls):
        return '__main__'

    def serialize(self, obj):
        return [obj.x, obj.y]

    def deserialize(self, datum):
        return PythonOnlyPoint(datum[0], datum[1])

    @staticmethod
    def foo():
        pass

    @property
    def props(self):
        return {}


class PythonOnlyPoint(ExamplePoint):
    """
    An example class to demonstrate UDT in only Python
    """
    __UDT__ = PythonOnlyUDT()


class MyObject(object):
    def __init__(self, key, value):
        self.key = key
        self.value = value


class DataTypeTests(unittest.TestCase):
    # regression test for SPARK-6055
    def test_data_type_eq(self):
        lt = LongType()
        lt2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(LongType()))
        self.assertEqual(lt, lt2)

    # regression test for SPARK-7978
    def test_decimal_type(self):
        t1 = DecimalType()
        t2 = DecimalType(10, 2)
        self.assertTrue(t2 is not t1)
        self.assertNotEqual(t1, t2)
        t3 = DecimalType(8)
        self.assertNotEqual(t2, t3)

    # regression test for SPARK-10392
    def test_datetype_equal_zero(self):
        dt = DateType()
        self.assertEqual(dt.fromInternal(0), datetime.date(1970, 1, 1))

    # regression test for SPARK-17035
    def test_timestamp_microsecond(self):
        tst = TimestampType()
        self.assertEqual(tst.toInternal(datetime.datetime.max) % 1000000, 999999)

    def test_empty_row(self):
        row = Row()
        self.assertEqual(len(row), 0)


class SQLTests(ReusedPySparkTestCase):

    @classmethod
    def setUpClass(cls):
        ReusedPySparkTestCase.setUpClass()
        cls.tempdir = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False)
        os.unlink(cls.tempdir.name)
        cls.spark = SparkSession(cls.sc)
        cls.testData = [Row(key=i, value=str(i)) for i in range(100)]
        cls.df = cls.spark.createDataFrame(cls.testData)

    @classmethod
    def tearDownClass(cls):
        ReusedPySparkTestCase.tearDownClass()
        cls.spark.stop()
        shutil.rmtree(cls.tempdir.name, ignore_errors=True)

    def test_sqlcontext_reuses_sparksession(self):
        sqlContext1 = SQLContext(self.sc)
        sqlContext2 = SQLContext(self.sc)
        self.assertTrue(sqlContext1.sparkSession is sqlContext2.sparkSession)

    def tearDown(self):
        super(SQLTests, self).tearDown()

        # tear down test_bucketed_write state
        self.spark.sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS pyspark_bucket")

    def test_row_should_be_read_only(self):
        row = Row(a=1, b=2)
        self.assertEqual(1, row.a)

        def foo():
            row.a = 3
        self.assertRaises(Exception, foo)

        row2 = self.spark.range(10).first()
        self.assertEqual(0, row2.id)

        def foo2():
            row2.id = 2
        self.assertRaises(Exception, foo2)

    def test_range(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.spark.range(1, 1).count(), 0)
        self.assertEqual(self.spark.range(1, 0, -1).count(), 1)
        self.assertEqual(self.spark.range(0, 1 << 40, 1 << 39).count(), 2)
        self.assertEqual(self.spark.range(-2).count(), 0)
        self.assertEqual(self.spark.range(3).count(), 3)

    def test_duplicated_column_names(self):
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([(1, 2)], ["c", "c"])
        row = df.select('*').first()
        self.assertEqual(1, row[0])
        self.assertEqual(2, row[1])
        self.assertEqual("Row(c=1, c=2)", str(row))
        # Cannot access columns
        self.assertRaises(AnalysisException, lambda: df.select(df[0]).first())
        self.assertRaises(AnalysisException, lambda: df.select(df.c).first())
        self.assertRaises(AnalysisException, lambda: df.select(df["c"]).first())

    def test_column_name_encoding(self):
        """Ensure that created columns has `str` type consistently."""
        columns = self.spark.createDataFrame([('Alice', 1)], ['name', u'age']).columns
        self.assertEqual(columns, ['name', 'age'])
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(columns[0], str))
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(columns[1], str))

    def test_explode(self):
        from pyspark.sql.functions import explode, explode_outer, posexplode_outer
        d = [
            Row(a=1, intlist=[1, 2, 3], mapfield={"a": "b"}),
            Row(a=1, intlist=[], mapfield={}),
            Row(a=1, intlist=None, mapfield=None),
        ]
        rdd = self.sc.parallelize(d)
        data = self.spark.createDataFrame(rdd)

        result = data.select(explode(data.intlist).alias("a")).select("a").collect()
        self.assertEqual(result[0][0], 1)
        self.assertEqual(result[1][0], 2)
        self.assertEqual(result[2][0], 3)

        result = data.select(explode(data.mapfield).alias("a", "b")).select("a", "b").collect()
        self.assertEqual(result[0][0], "a")
        self.assertEqual(result[0][1], "b")

        result = [tuple(x) for x in data.select(posexplode_outer("intlist")).collect()]
        self.assertEqual(result, [(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (None, None), (None, None)])

        result = [tuple(x) for x in data.select(posexplode_outer("mapfield")).collect()]
        self.assertEqual(result, [(0, 'a', 'b'), (None, None, None), (None, None, None)])

        result = [x[0] for x in data.select(explode_outer("intlist")).collect()]
        self.assertEqual(result, [1, 2, 3, None, None])

        result = [tuple(x) for x in data.select(explode_outer("mapfield")).collect()]
        self.assertEqual(result, [('a', 'b'), (None, None), (None, None)])

    def test_and_in_expression(self):
        self.assertEqual(4, self.df.filter((self.df.key <= 10) & (self.df.value <= "2")).count())
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: (self.df.key <= 10) and (self.df.value <= "2"))
        self.assertEqual(14, self.df.filter((self.df.key <= 3) | (self.df.value < "2")).count())
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: self.df.key <= 3 or self.df.value < "2")
        self.assertEqual(99, self.df.filter(~(self.df.key == 1)).count())
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: not self.df.key == 1)

    def test_udf_with_callable(self):
        d = [Row(number=i, squared=i**2) for i in range(10)]
        rdd = self.sc.parallelize(d)
        data = self.spark.createDataFrame(rdd)

        class PlusFour:
            def __call__(self, col):
                if col is not None:
                    return col + 4

        call = PlusFour()
        pudf = UserDefinedFunction(call, LongType())
        res = data.select(pudf(data['number']).alias('plus_four'))
        self.assertEqual(res.agg({'plus_four': 'sum'}).collect()[0][0], 85)

    def test_udf_with_partial_function(self):
        d = [Row(number=i, squared=i**2) for i in range(10)]
        rdd = self.sc.parallelize(d)
        data = self.spark.createDataFrame(rdd)

        def some_func(col, param):
            if col is not None:
                return col + param

        pfunc = functools.partial(some_func, param=4)
        pudf = UserDefinedFunction(pfunc, LongType())
        res = data.select(pudf(data['number']).alias('plus_four'))
        self.assertEqual(res.agg({'plus_four': 'sum'}).collect()[0][0], 85)

    def test_udf(self):
        self.spark.catalog.registerFunction("twoArgs", lambda x, y: len(x) + y, IntegerType())
        [row] = self.spark.sql("SELECT twoArgs('test', 1)").collect()
        self.assertEqual(row[0], 5)

    def test_udf2(self):
        self.spark.catalog.registerFunction("strlen", lambda string: len(string), IntegerType())
        self.spark.createDataFrame(self.sc.parallelize([Row(a="test")]))\
            .createOrReplaceTempView("test")
        [res] = self.spark.sql("SELECT strlen(a) FROM test WHERE strlen(a) > 1").collect()
        self.assertEqual(4, res[0])

    def test_chained_udf(self):
        self.spark.catalog.registerFunction("double", lambda x: x + x, IntegerType())
        [row] = self.spark.sql("SELECT double(1)").collect()
        self.assertEqual(row[0], 2)
        [row] = self.spark.sql("SELECT double(double(1))").collect()
        self.assertEqual(row[0], 4)
        [row] = self.spark.sql("SELECT double(double(1) + 1)").collect()
        self.assertEqual(row[0], 6)

    def test_single_udf_with_repeated_argument(self):
        # regression test for SPARK-20685
        self.spark.catalog.registerFunction("add", lambda x, y: x + y, IntegerType())
        row = self.spark.sql("SELECT add(1, 1)").first()
        self.assertEqual(tuple(row), (2, ))

    def test_multiple_udfs(self):
        self.spark.catalog.registerFunction("double", lambda x: x * 2, IntegerType())
        [row] = self.spark.sql("SELECT double(1), double(2)").collect()
        self.assertEqual(tuple(row), (2, 4))
        [row] = self.spark.sql("SELECT double(double(1)), double(double(2) + 2)").collect()
        self.assertEqual(tuple(row), (4, 12))
        self.spark.catalog.registerFunction("add", lambda x, y: x + y, IntegerType())
        [row] = self.spark.sql("SELECT double(add(1, 2)), add(double(2), 1)").collect()
        self.assertEqual(tuple(row), (6, 5))

    def test_udf_in_filter_on_top_of_outer_join(self):
        from pyspark.sql.functions import udf
        left = self.spark.createDataFrame([Row(a=1)])
        right = self.spark.createDataFrame([Row(a=1)])
        df = left.join(right, on='a', how='left_outer')
        df = df.withColumn('b', udf(lambda x: 'x')(df.a))
        self.assertEqual(df.filter('b = "x"').collect(), [Row(a=1, b='x')])

    def test_udf_in_filter_on_top_of_join(self):
        # regression test for SPARK-18589
        from pyspark.sql.functions import udf
        left = self.spark.createDataFrame([Row(a=1)])
        right = self.spark.createDataFrame([Row(b=1)])
        f = udf(lambda a, b: a == b, BooleanType())
        df = left.crossJoin(right).filter(f("a", "b"))
        self.assertEqual(df.collect(), [Row(a=1, b=1)])

    def test_udf_without_arguments(self):
        self.spark.catalog.registerFunction("foo", lambda: "bar")
        [row] = self.spark.sql("SELECT foo()").collect()
        self.assertEqual(row[0], "bar")

    def test_udf_with_array_type(self):
        d = [Row(l=list(range(3)), d={"key": list(range(5))})]
        rdd = self.sc.parallelize(d)
        self.spark.createDataFrame(rdd).createOrReplaceTempView("test")
        self.spark.catalog.registerFunction("copylist", lambda l: list(l), ArrayType(IntegerType()))
        self.spark.catalog.registerFunction("maplen", lambda d: len(d), IntegerType())
        [(l1, l2)] = self.spark.sql("select copylist(l), maplen(d) from test").collect()
        self.assertEqual(list(range(3)), l1)
        self.assertEqual(1, l2)

    def test_broadcast_in_udf(self):
        bar = {"a": "aa", "b": "bb", "c": "abc"}
        foo = self.sc.broadcast(bar)
        self.spark.catalog.registerFunction("MYUDF", lambda x: foo.value[x] if x else '')
        [res] = self.spark.sql("SELECT MYUDF('c')").collect()
        self.assertEqual("abc", res[0])
        [res] = self.spark.sql("SELECT MYUDF('')").collect()
        self.assertEqual("", res[0])

    def test_udf_with_filter_function(self):
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([(1, "1"), (2, "2"), (1, "2"), (1, "2")], ["key", "value"])
        from pyspark.sql.functions import udf, col
        from pyspark.sql.types import BooleanType

        my_filter = udf(lambda a: a < 2, BooleanType())
        sel = df.select(col("key"), col("value")).filter((my_filter(col("key"))) & (df.value < "2"))
        self.assertEqual(sel.collect(), [Row(key=1, value='1')])

    def test_udf_with_aggregate_function(self):
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([(1, "1"), (2, "2"), (1, "2"), (1, "2")], ["key", "value"])
        from pyspark.sql.functions import udf, col, sum
        from pyspark.sql.types import BooleanType

        my_filter = udf(lambda a: a == 1, BooleanType())
        sel = df.select(col("key")).distinct().filter(my_filter(col("key")))
        self.assertEqual(sel.collect(), [Row(key=1)])

        my_copy = udf(lambda x: x, IntegerType())
        my_add = udf(lambda a, b: int(a + b), IntegerType())
        my_strlen = udf(lambda x: len(x), IntegerType())
        sel = df.groupBy(my_copy(col("key")).alias("k"))\
            .agg(sum(my_strlen(col("value"))).alias("s"))\
            .select(my_add(col("k"), col("s")).alias("t"))
        self.assertEqual(sel.collect(), [Row(t=4), Row(t=3)])

    def test_udf_in_generate(self):
        from pyspark.sql.functions import udf, explode
        df = self.spark.range(5)
        f = udf(lambda x: list(range(x)), ArrayType(LongType()))
        row = df.select(explode(f(*df))).groupBy().sum().first()
        self.assertEqual(row[0], 10)

        df = self.spark.range(3)
        res = df.select("id", explode(f(df.id))).collect()
        self.assertEqual(res[0][0], 1)
        self.assertEqual(res[0][1], 0)
        self.assertEqual(res[1][0], 2)
        self.assertEqual(res[1][1], 0)
        self.assertEqual(res[2][0], 2)
        self.assertEqual(res[2][1], 1)

        range_udf = udf(lambda value: list(range(value - 1, value + 1)), ArrayType(IntegerType()))
        res = df.select("id", explode(range_udf(df.id))).collect()
        self.assertEqual(res[0][0], 0)
        self.assertEqual(res[0][1], -1)
        self.assertEqual(res[1][0], 0)
        self.assertEqual(res[1][1], 0)
        self.assertEqual(res[2][0], 1)
        self.assertEqual(res[2][1], 0)
        self.assertEqual(res[3][0], 1)
        self.assertEqual(res[3][1], 1)

    def test_udf_with_order_by_and_limit(self):
        from pyspark.sql.functions import udf
        my_copy = udf(lambda x: x, IntegerType())
        df = self.spark.range(10).orderBy("id")
        res = df.select(df.id, my_copy(df.id).alias("copy")).limit(1)
        res.explain(True)
        self.assertEqual(res.collect(), [Row(id=0, copy=0)])

    def test_udf_registration_returns_udf(self):
        df = self.spark.range(10)
        add_three = self.spark.udf.register("add_three", lambda x: x + 3, IntegerType())

        self.assertListEqual(
            df.selectExpr("add_three(id) AS plus_three").collect(),
            df.select(add_three("id").alias("plus_three")).collect()
        )

    def test_non_existed_udf(self):
        spark = self.spark
        self.assertRaisesRegexp(AnalysisException, "Can not load class non_existed_udf",
                                lambda: spark.udf.registerJavaFunction("udf1", "non_existed_udf"))

    def test_non_existed_udaf(self):
        spark = self.spark
        self.assertRaisesRegexp(AnalysisException, "Can not load class non_existed_udaf",
                                lambda: spark.udf.registerJavaUDAF("udaf1", "non_existed_udaf"))

    def test_multiLine_json(self):
        people1 = self.spark.read.json("python/test_support/sql/people.json")
        people_array = self.spark.read.json("python/test_support/sql/people_array.json",
                                            multiLine=True)
        self.assertEqual(people1.collect(), people_array.collect())

    def test_multiline_csv(self):
        ages_newlines = self.spark.read.csv(
            "python/test_support/sql/ages_newlines.csv", multiLine=True)
        expected = [Row(_c0=u'Joe', _c1=u'20', _c2=u'Hi,\nI am Jeo'),
                    Row(_c0=u'Tom', _c1=u'30', _c2=u'My name is Tom'),
                    Row(_c0=u'Hyukjin', _c1=u'25', _c2=u'I am Hyukjin\n\nI love Spark!')]
        self.assertEqual(ages_newlines.collect(), expected)

    def test_ignorewhitespace_csv(self):
        tmpPath = tempfile.mkdtemp()
        shutil.rmtree(tmpPath)
        self.spark.createDataFrame([[" a", "b  ", " c "]]).write.csv(
            tmpPath,
            ignoreLeadingWhiteSpace=False,
            ignoreTrailingWhiteSpace=False)

        expected = [Row(value=u' a,b  , c ')]
        readback = self.spark.read.text(tmpPath)
        self.assertEqual(readback.collect(), expected)
        shutil.rmtree(tmpPath)

    def test_read_multiple_orc_file(self):
        df = self.spark.read.orc(["python/test_support/sql/orc_partitioned/b=0/c=0",
                                  "python/test_support/sql/orc_partitioned/b=1/c=1"])
        self.assertEqual(2, df.count())

    def test_udf_with_input_file_name(self):
        from pyspark.sql.functions import udf, input_file_name
        from pyspark.sql.types import StringType
        sourceFile = udf(lambda path: path, StringType())
        filePath = "python/test_support/sql/people1.json"
        row = self.spark.read.json(filePath).select(sourceFile(input_file_name())).first()
        self.assertTrue(row[0].find("people1.json") != -1)

    def test_udf_with_input_file_name_for_hadooprdd(self):
        from pyspark.sql.functions import udf, input_file_name
        from pyspark.sql.types import StringType

        def filename(path):
            return path

        sameText = udf(filename, StringType())

        rdd = self.sc.textFile('python/test_support/sql/people.json')
        df = self.spark.read.json(rdd).select(input_file_name().alias('file'))
        row = df.select(sameText(df['file'])).first()
        self.assertTrue(row[0].find("people.json") != -1)

        rdd2 = self.sc.newAPIHadoopFile(
            'python/test_support/sql/people.json',
            'org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.input.TextInputFormat',
            'org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable',
            'org.apache.hadoop.io.Text')

        df2 = self.spark.read.json(rdd2).select(input_file_name().alias('file'))
        row2 = df2.select(sameText(df2['file'])).first()
        self.assertTrue(row2[0].find("people.json") != -1)

    def test_udf_defers_judf_initalization(self):
        # This is separate of  UDFInitializationTests
        # to avoid context initialization
        # when udf is called

        from pyspark.sql.functions import UserDefinedFunction

        f = UserDefinedFunction(lambda x: x, StringType())

        self.assertIsNone(
            f._judf_placeholder,
            "judf should not be initialized before the first call."
        )

        self.assertIsInstance(f("foo"), Column, "UDF call should return a Column.")

        self.assertIsNotNone(
            f._judf_placeholder,
            "judf should be initialized after UDF has been called."
        )

    def test_udf_with_string_return_type(self):
        from pyspark.sql.functions import UserDefinedFunction

        add_one = UserDefinedFunction(lambda x: x + 1, "integer")
        make_pair = UserDefinedFunction(lambda x: (-x, x), "struct<x:integer,y:integer>")
        make_array = UserDefinedFunction(
            lambda x: [float(x) for x in range(x, x + 3)], "array<double>")

        expected = (2, Row(x=-1, y=1), [1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
        actual = (self.spark.range(1, 2).toDF("x")
                  .select(add_one("x"), make_pair("x"), make_array("x"))
                  .first())

        self.assertTupleEqual(expected, actual)

    def test_udf_shouldnt_accept_noncallable_object(self):
        from pyspark.sql.functions import UserDefinedFunction
        from pyspark.sql.types import StringType

        non_callable = None
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, UserDefinedFunction, non_callable, StringType())

    def test_udf_with_decorator(self):
        from pyspark.sql.functions import lit, udf
        from pyspark.sql.types import IntegerType, DoubleType

        @udf(IntegerType())
        def add_one(x):
            if x is not None:
                return x + 1

        @udf(returnType=DoubleType())
        def add_two(x):
            if x is not None:
                return float(x + 2)

        @udf
        def to_upper(x):
            if x is not None:
                return x.upper()

        @udf()
        def to_lower(x):
            if x is not None:
                return x.lower()

        @udf
        def substr(x, start, end):
            if x is not None:
                return x[start:end]

        @udf("long")
        def trunc(x):
            return int(x)

        @udf(returnType="double")
        def as_double(x):
            return float(x)

        df = (
            self.spark
                .createDataFrame(
                    [(1, "Foo", "foobar", 3.0)], ("one", "Foo", "foobar", "float"))
                .select(
                    add_one("one"), add_two("one"),
                    to_upper("Foo"), to_lower("Foo"),
                    substr("foobar", lit(0), lit(3)),
                    trunc("float"), as_double("one")))

        self.assertListEqual(
            [tpe for _, tpe in df.dtypes],
            ["int", "double", "string", "string", "string", "bigint", "double"]
        )

        self.assertListEqual(
            list(df.first()),
            [2, 3.0, "FOO", "foo", "foo", 3, 1.0]
        )

    def test_udf_wrapper(self):
        from pyspark.sql.functions import udf
        from pyspark.sql.types import IntegerType

        def f(x):
            """Identity"""
            return x

        return_type = IntegerType()
        f_ = udf(f, return_type)

        self.assertTrue(f.__doc__ in f_.__doc__)
        self.assertEqual(f, f_.func)
        self.assertEqual(return_type, f_.returnType)

        class F(object):
            """Identity"""
            def __call__(self, x):
                return x

        f = F()
        return_type = IntegerType()
        f_ = udf(f, return_type)

        self.assertTrue(f.__doc__ in f_.__doc__)
        self.assertEqual(f, f_.func)
        self.assertEqual(return_type, f_.returnType)

        f = functools.partial(f, x=1)
        return_type = IntegerType()
        f_ = udf(f, return_type)

        self.assertTrue(f.__doc__ in f_.__doc__)
        self.assertEqual(f, f_.func)
        self.assertEqual(return_type, f_.returnType)

    def test_basic_functions(self):
        rdd = self.sc.parallelize(['{"foo":"bar"}', '{"foo":"baz"}'])
        df = self.spark.read.json(rdd)
        df.count()
        df.collect()
        df.schema

        # cache and checkpoint
        self.assertFalse(df.is_cached)
        df.persist()
        df.unpersist(True)
        df.cache()
        self.assertTrue(df.is_cached)
        self.assertEqual(2, df.count())

        df.createOrReplaceTempView("temp")
        df = self.spark.sql("select foo from temp")
        df.count()
        df.collect()

    def test_apply_schema_to_row(self):
        df = self.spark.read.json(self.sc.parallelize(["""{"a":2}"""]))
        df2 = self.spark.createDataFrame(df.rdd.map(lambda x: x), df.schema)
        self.assertEqual(df.collect(), df2.collect())

        rdd = self.sc.parallelize(range(10)).map(lambda x: Row(a=x))
        df3 = self.spark.createDataFrame(rdd, df.schema)
        self.assertEqual(10, df3.count())

    def test_infer_schema_to_local(self):
        input = [{"a": 1}, {"b": "coffee"}]
        rdd = self.sc.parallelize(input)
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame(input)
        df2 = self.spark.createDataFrame(rdd, samplingRatio=1.0)
        self.assertEqual(df.schema, df2.schema)

        rdd = self.sc.parallelize(range(10)).map(lambda x: Row(a=x, b=None))
        df3 = self.spark.createDataFrame(rdd, df.schema)
        self.assertEqual(10, df3.count())

    def test_apply_schema_to_dict_and_rows(self):
        schema = StructType().add("b", StringType()).add("a", IntegerType())
        input = [{"a": 1}, {"b": "coffee"}]
        rdd = self.sc.parallelize(input)
        for verify in [False, True]:
            df = self.spark.createDataFrame(input, schema, verifySchema=verify)
            df2 = self.spark.createDataFrame(rdd, schema, verifySchema=verify)
            self.assertEqual(df.schema, df2.schema)

            rdd = self.sc.parallelize(range(10)).map(lambda x: Row(a=x, b=None))
            df3 = self.spark.createDataFrame(rdd, schema, verifySchema=verify)
            self.assertEqual(10, df3.count())
            input = [Row(a=x, b=str(x)) for x in range(10)]
            df4 = self.spark.createDataFrame(input, schema, verifySchema=verify)
            self.assertEqual(10, df4.count())

    def test_create_dataframe_schema_mismatch(self):
        input = [Row(a=1)]
        rdd = self.sc.parallelize(range(3)).map(lambda i: Row(a=i))
        schema = StructType([StructField("a", IntegerType()), StructField("b", StringType())])
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame(rdd, schema)
        self.assertRaises(Exception, lambda: df.show())

    def test_serialize_nested_array_and_map(self):
        d = [Row(l=[Row(a=1, b='s')], d={"key": Row(c=1.0, d="2")})]
        rdd = self.sc.parallelize(d)
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame(rdd)
        row = df.head()
        self.assertEqual(1, len(row.l))
        self.assertEqual(1, row.l[0].a)
        self.assertEqual("2", row.d["key"].d)

        l = df.rdd.map(lambda x: x.l).first()
        self.assertEqual(1, len(l))
        self.assertEqual('s', l[0].b)

        d = df.rdd.map(lambda x: x.d).first()
        self.assertEqual(1, len(d))
        self.assertEqual(1.0, d["key"].c)

        row = df.rdd.map(lambda x: x.d["key"]).first()
        self.assertEqual(1.0, row.c)
        self.assertEqual("2", row.d)

    def test_infer_schema(self):
        d = [Row(l=[], d={}, s=None),
             Row(l=[Row(a=1, b='s')], d={"key": Row(c=1.0, d="2")}, s="")]
        rdd = self.sc.parallelize(d)
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame(rdd)
        self.assertEqual([], df.rdd.map(lambda r: r.l).first())
        self.assertEqual([None, ""], df.rdd.map(lambda r: r.s).collect())
        df.createOrReplaceTempView("test")
        result = self.spark.sql("SELECT l[0].a from test where d['key'].d = '2'")
        self.assertEqual(1, result.head()[0])

        df2 = self.spark.createDataFrame(rdd, samplingRatio=1.0)
        self.assertEqual(df.schema, df2.schema)
        self.assertEqual({}, df2.rdd.map(lambda r: r.d).first())
        self.assertEqual([None, ""], df2.rdd.map(lambda r: r.s).collect())
        df2.createOrReplaceTempView("test2")
        result = self.spark.sql("SELECT l[0].a from test2 where d['key'].d = '2'")
        self.assertEqual(1, result.head()[0])

    def test_infer_nested_schema(self):
        NestedRow = Row("f1", "f2")
        nestedRdd1 = self.sc.parallelize([NestedRow([1, 2], {"row1": 1.0}),
                                          NestedRow([2, 3], {"row2": 2.0})])
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame(nestedRdd1)
        self.assertEqual(Row(f1=[1, 2], f2={u'row1': 1.0}), df.collect()[0])

        nestedRdd2 = self.sc.parallelize([NestedRow([[1, 2], [2, 3]], [1, 2]),
                                          NestedRow([[2, 3], [3, 4]], [2, 3])])
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame(nestedRdd2)
        self.assertEqual(Row(f1=[[1, 2], [2, 3]], f2=[1, 2]), df.collect()[0])

        from collections import namedtuple
        CustomRow = namedtuple('CustomRow', 'field1 field2')
        rdd = self.sc.parallelize([CustomRow(field1=1, field2="row1"),
                                   CustomRow(field1=2, field2="row2"),
                                   CustomRow(field1=3, field2="row3")])
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame(rdd)
        self.assertEqual(Row(field1=1, field2=u'row1'), df.first())

    def test_create_dataframe_from_objects(self):
        data = [MyObject(1, "1"), MyObject(2, "2")]
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame(data)
        self.assertEqual(df.dtypes, [("key", "bigint"), ("value", "string")])
        self.assertEqual(df.first(), Row(key=1, value="1"))

    def test_select_null_literal(self):
        df = self.spark.sql("select null as col")
        self.assertEqual(Row(col=None), df.first())

    def test_apply_schema(self):
        from datetime import date, datetime
        rdd = self.sc.parallelize([(127, -128, -32768, 32767, 2147483647, 1.0,
                                    date(2010, 1, 1), datetime(2010, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1),
                                    {"a": 1}, (2,), [1, 2, 3], None)])
        schema = StructType([
            StructField("byte1", ByteType(), False),
            StructField("byte2", ByteType(), False),
            StructField("short1", ShortType(), False),
            StructField("short2", ShortType(), False),
            StructField("int1", IntegerType(), False),
            StructField("float1", FloatType(), False),
            StructField("date1", DateType(), False),
            StructField("time1", TimestampType(), False),
            StructField("map1", MapType(StringType(), IntegerType(), False), False),
            StructField("struct1", StructType([StructField("b", ShortType(), False)]), False),
            StructField("list1", ArrayType(ByteType(), False), False),
            StructField("null1", DoubleType(), True)])
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame(rdd, schema)
        results = df.rdd.map(lambda x: (x.byte1, x.byte2, x.short1, x.short2, x.int1, x.float1,
                             x.date1, x.time1, x.map1["a"], x.struct1.b, x.list1, x.null1))
        r = (127, -128, -32768, 32767, 2147483647, 1.0, date(2010, 1, 1),
             datetime(2010, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1), 1, 2, [1, 2, 3], None)
        self.assertEqual(r, results.first())

        df.createOrReplaceTempView("table2")
        r = self.spark.sql("SELECT byte1 - 1 AS byte1, byte2 + 1 AS byte2, " +
                           "short1 + 1 AS short1, short2 - 1 AS short2, int1 - 1 AS int1, " +
                           "float1 + 1.5 as float1 FROM table2").first()

        self.assertEqual((126, -127, -32767, 32766, 2147483646, 2.5), tuple(r))

        from pyspark.sql.types import _parse_schema_abstract, _infer_schema_type
        rdd = self.sc.parallelize([(127, -32768, 1.0, datetime(2010, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1),
                                    {"a": 1}, (2,), [1, 2, 3])])
        abstract = "byte1 short1 float1 time1 map1{} struct1(b) list1[]"
        schema = _parse_schema_abstract(abstract)
        typedSchema = _infer_schema_type(rdd.first(), schema)
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame(rdd, typedSchema)
        r = (127, -32768, 1.0, datetime(2010, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1), {"a": 1}, Row(b=2), [1, 2, 3])
        self.assertEqual(r, tuple(df.first()))

    def test_struct_in_map(self):
        d = [Row(m={Row(i=1): Row(s="")})]
        df = self.sc.parallelize(d).toDF()
        k, v = list(df.head().m.items())[0]
        self.assertEqual(1, k.i)
        self.assertEqual("", v.s)

    def test_convert_row_to_dict(self):
        row = Row(l=[Row(a=1, b='s')], d={"key": Row(c=1.0, d="2")})
        self.assertEqual(1, row.asDict()['l'][0].a)
        df = self.sc.parallelize([row]).toDF()
        df.createOrReplaceTempView("test")
        row = self.spark.sql("select l, d from test").head()
        self.assertEqual(1, row.asDict()["l"][0].a)
        self.assertEqual(1.0, row.asDict()['d']['key'].c)

    def test_udt(self):
        from pyspark.sql.types import _parse_datatype_json_string, _infer_type, _make_type_verifier
        from pyspark.sql.tests import ExamplePointUDT, ExamplePoint

        def check_datatype(datatype):
            pickled = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(datatype))
            assert datatype == pickled
            scala_datatype = self.spark._jsparkSession.parseDataType(datatype.json())
            python_datatype = _parse_datatype_json_string(scala_datatype.json())
            assert datatype == python_datatype

        check_datatype(ExamplePointUDT())
        structtype_with_udt = StructType([StructField("label", DoubleType(), False),
                                          StructField("point", ExamplePointUDT(), False)])
        check_datatype(structtype_with_udt)
        p = ExamplePoint(1.0, 2.0)
        self.assertEqual(_infer_type(p), ExamplePointUDT())
        _make_type_verifier(ExamplePointUDT())(ExamplePoint(1.0, 2.0))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: _make_type_verifier(ExamplePointUDT())([1.0, 2.0]))

        check_datatype(PythonOnlyUDT())
        structtype_with_udt = StructType([StructField("label", DoubleType(), False),
                                          StructField("point", PythonOnlyUDT(), False)])
        check_datatype(structtype_with_udt)
        p = PythonOnlyPoint(1.0, 2.0)
        self.assertEqual(_infer_type(p), PythonOnlyUDT())
        _make_type_verifier(PythonOnlyUDT())(PythonOnlyPoint(1.0, 2.0))
        self.assertRaises(
            ValueError,
            lambda: _make_type_verifier(PythonOnlyUDT())([1.0, 2.0]))

    def test_simple_udt_in_df(self):
        schema = StructType().add("key", LongType()).add("val", PythonOnlyUDT())
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(i % 3, PythonOnlyPoint(float(i), float(i))) for i in range(10)],
            schema=schema)
        df.show()

    def test_nested_udt_in_df(self):
        schema = StructType().add("key", LongType()).add("val", ArrayType(PythonOnlyUDT()))
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(i % 3, [PythonOnlyPoint(float(i), float(i))]) for i in range(10)],
            schema=schema)
        df.collect()

        schema = StructType().add("key", LongType()).add("val",
                                                         MapType(LongType(), PythonOnlyUDT()))
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(i % 3, {i % 3: PythonOnlyPoint(float(i + 1), float(i + 1))}) for i in range(10)],
            schema=schema)
        df.collect()

    def test_complex_nested_udt_in_df(self):
        from pyspark.sql.functions import udf

        schema = StructType().add("key", LongType()).add("val", PythonOnlyUDT())
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(i % 3, PythonOnlyPoint(float(i), float(i))) for i in range(10)],
            schema=schema)
        df.collect()

        gd = df.groupby("key").agg({"val": "collect_list"})
        gd.collect()
        udf = udf(lambda k, v: [(k, v[0])], ArrayType(df.schema))
        gd.select(udf(*gd)).collect()

    def test_udt_with_none(self):
        df = self.spark.range(0, 10, 1, 1)

        def myudf(x):
            if x > 0:
                return PythonOnlyPoint(float(x), float(x))

        self.spark.catalog.registerFunction("udf", myudf, PythonOnlyUDT())
        rows = [r[0] for r in df.selectExpr("udf(id)").take(2)]
        self.assertEqual(rows, [None, PythonOnlyPoint(1, 1)])

    def test_infer_schema_with_udt(self):
        from pyspark.sql.tests import ExamplePoint, ExamplePointUDT
        row = Row(label=1.0, point=ExamplePoint(1.0, 2.0))
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([row])
        schema = df.schema
        field = [f for f in schema.fields if f.name == "point"][0]
        self.assertEqual(type(field.dataType), ExamplePointUDT)
        df.createOrReplaceTempView("labeled_point")
        point = self.spark.sql("SELECT point FROM labeled_point").head().point
        self.assertEqual(point, ExamplePoint(1.0, 2.0))

        row = Row(label=1.0, point=PythonOnlyPoint(1.0, 2.0))
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([row])
        schema = df.schema
        field = [f for f in schema.fields if f.name == "point"][0]
        self.assertEqual(type(field.dataType), PythonOnlyUDT)
        df.createOrReplaceTempView("labeled_point")
        point = self.spark.sql("SELECT point FROM labeled_point").head().point
        self.assertEqual(point, PythonOnlyPoint(1.0, 2.0))

    def test_apply_schema_with_udt(self):
        from pyspark.sql.tests import ExamplePoint, ExamplePointUDT
        row = (1.0, ExamplePoint(1.0, 2.0))
        schema = StructType([StructField("label", DoubleType(), False),
                             StructField("point", ExamplePointUDT(), False)])
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([row], schema)
        point = df.head().point
        self.assertEqual(point, ExamplePoint(1.0, 2.0))

        row = (1.0, PythonOnlyPoint(1.0, 2.0))
        schema = StructType([StructField("label", DoubleType(), False),
                             StructField("point", PythonOnlyUDT(), False)])
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([row], schema)
        point = df.head().point
        self.assertEqual(point, PythonOnlyPoint(1.0, 2.0))

    def test_udf_with_udt(self):
        from pyspark.sql.tests import ExamplePoint, ExamplePointUDT
        row = Row(label=1.0, point=ExamplePoint(1.0, 2.0))
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([row])
        self.assertEqual(1.0, df.rdd.map(lambda r: r.point.x).first())
        udf = UserDefinedFunction(lambda p: p.y, DoubleType())
        self.assertEqual(2.0, df.select(udf(df.point)).first()[0])
        udf2 = UserDefinedFunction(lambda p: ExamplePoint(p.x + 1, p.y + 1), ExamplePointUDT())
        self.assertEqual(ExamplePoint(2.0, 3.0), df.select(udf2(df.point)).first()[0])

        row = Row(label=1.0, point=PythonOnlyPoint(1.0, 2.0))
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([row])
        self.assertEqual(1.0, df.rdd.map(lambda r: r.point.x).first())
        udf = UserDefinedFunction(lambda p: p.y, DoubleType())
        self.assertEqual(2.0, df.select(udf(df.point)).first()[0])
        udf2 = UserDefinedFunction(lambda p: PythonOnlyPoint(p.x + 1, p.y + 1), PythonOnlyUDT())
        self.assertEqual(PythonOnlyPoint(2.0, 3.0), df.select(udf2(df.point)).first()[0])

    def test_parquet_with_udt(self):
        from pyspark.sql.tests import ExamplePoint, ExamplePointUDT
        row = Row(label=1.0, point=ExamplePoint(1.0, 2.0))
        df0 = self.spark.createDataFrame([row])
        output_dir = os.path.join(self.tempdir.name, "labeled_point")
        df0.write.parquet(output_dir)
        df1 = self.spark.read.parquet(output_dir)
        point = df1.head().point
        self.assertEqual(point, ExamplePoint(1.0, 2.0))

        row = Row(label=1.0, point=PythonOnlyPoint(1.0, 2.0))
        df0 = self.spark.createDataFrame([row])
        df0.write.parquet(output_dir, mode='overwrite')
        df1 = self.spark.read.parquet(output_dir)
        point = df1.head().point
        self.assertEqual(point, PythonOnlyPoint(1.0, 2.0))

    def test_union_with_udt(self):
        from pyspark.sql.tests import ExamplePoint, ExamplePointUDT
        row1 = (1.0, ExamplePoint(1.0, 2.0))
        row2 = (2.0, ExamplePoint(3.0, 4.0))
        schema = StructType([StructField("label", DoubleType(), False),
                             StructField("point", ExamplePointUDT(), False)])
        df1 = self.spark.createDataFrame([row1], schema)
        df2 = self.spark.createDataFrame([row2], schema)

        result = df1.union(df2).orderBy("label").collect()
        self.assertEqual(
            result,
            [
                Row(label=1.0, point=ExamplePoint(1.0, 2.0)),
                Row(label=2.0, point=ExamplePoint(3.0, 4.0))
            ]
        )

    def test_column_operators(self):
        ci = self.df.key
        cs = self.df.value
        c = ci == cs
        self.assertTrue(isinstance((- ci - 1 - 2) % 3 * 2.5 / 3.5, Column))
        rcc = (1 + ci), (1 - ci), (1 * ci), (1 / ci), (1 % ci), (1 ** ci), (ci ** 1)
        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(c, Column) for c in rcc))
        cb = [ci == 5, ci != 0, ci > 3, ci < 4, ci >= 0, ci <= 7]
        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(c, Column) for c in cb))
        cbool = (ci & ci), (ci | ci), (~ci)
        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(c, Column) for c in cbool))
        css = cs.contains('a'), cs.like('a'), cs.rlike('a'), cs.asc(), cs.desc(),\
            cs.startswith('a'), cs.endswith('a'), ci.eqNullSafe(cs)
        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(c, Column) for c in css))
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(ci.cast(LongType()), Column))
        self.assertRaisesRegexp(ValueError,
                                "Cannot apply 'in' operator against a column",
                                lambda: 1 in cs)

    def test_column_getitem(self):
        from pyspark.sql.functions import col

        self.assertIsInstance(col("foo")[1:3], Column)
        self.assertIsInstance(col("foo")[0], Column)
        self.assertIsInstance(col("foo")["bar"], Column)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: col("foo")[0:10:2])

    def test_column_select(self):
        df = self.df
        self.assertEqual(self.testData, df.select("*").collect())
        self.assertEqual(self.testData, df.select(df.key, df.value).collect())
        self.assertEqual([Row(value='1')], df.where(df.key == 1).select(df.value).collect())

    def test_freqItems(self):
        vals = [Row(a=1, b=-2.0) if i % 2 == 0 else Row(a=i, b=i * 1.0) for i in range(100)]
        df = self.sc.parallelize(vals).toDF()
        items = df.stat.freqItems(("a", "b"), 0.4).collect()[0]
        self.assertTrue(1 in items[0])
        self.assertTrue(-2.0 in items[1])

    def test_aggregator(self):
        df = self.df
        g = df.groupBy()
        self.assertEqual([99, 100], sorted(g.agg({'key': 'max', 'value': 'count'}).collect()[0]))
        self.assertEqual([Row(**{"AVG(key#0)": 49.5})], g.mean().collect())

        from pyspark.sql import functions
        self.assertEqual((0, u'99'),
                         tuple(g.agg(functions.first(df.key), functions.last(df.value)).first()))
        self.assertTrue(95 < g.agg(functions.approxCountDistinct(df.key)).first()[0])
        self.assertEqual(100, g.agg(functions.countDistinct(df.value)).first()[0])

    def test_first_last_ignorenulls(self):
        from pyspark.sql import functions
        df = self.spark.range(0, 100)
        df2 = df.select(functions.when(df.id % 3 == 0, None).otherwise(df.id).alias("id"))
        df3 = df2.select(functions.first(df2.id, False).alias('a'),
                         functions.first(df2.id, True).alias('b'),
                         functions.last(df2.id, False).alias('c'),
                         functions.last(df2.id, True).alias('d'))
        self.assertEqual([Row(a=None, b=1, c=None, d=98)], df3.collect())

    def test_approxQuantile(self):
        df = self.sc.parallelize([Row(a=i, b=i+10) for i in range(10)]).toDF()
        aq = df.stat.approxQuantile("a", [0.1, 0.5, 0.9], 0.1)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(aq, list))
        self.assertEqual(len(aq), 3)
        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(q, float) for q in aq))
        aqs = df.stat.approxQuantile(["a", "b"], [0.1, 0.5, 0.9], 0.1)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(aqs, list))
        self.assertEqual(len(aqs), 2)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(aqs[0], list))
        self.assertEqual(len(aqs[0]), 3)
        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(q, float) for q in aqs[0]))
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(aqs[1], list))
        self.assertEqual(len(aqs[1]), 3)
        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(q, float) for q in aqs[1]))
        aqt = df.stat.approxQuantile(("a", "b"), [0.1, 0.5, 0.9], 0.1)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(aqt, list))
        self.assertEqual(len(aqt), 2)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(aqt[0], list))
        self.assertEqual(len(aqt[0]), 3)
        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(q, float) for q in aqt[0]))
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(aqt[1], list))
        self.assertEqual(len(aqt[1]), 3)
        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(q, float) for q in aqt[1]))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: df.stat.approxQuantile(123, [0.1, 0.9], 0.1))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: df.stat.approxQuantile(("a", 123), [0.1, 0.9], 0.1))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: df.stat.approxQuantile(["a", 123], [0.1, 0.9], 0.1))

    def test_corr(self):
        import math
        df = self.sc.parallelize([Row(a=i, b=math.sqrt(i)) for i in range(10)]).toDF()
        corr = df.stat.corr("a", "b")
        self.assertTrue(abs(corr - 0.95734012) < 1e-6)

    def test_cov(self):
        df = self.sc.parallelize([Row(a=i, b=2 * i) for i in range(10)]).toDF()
        cov = df.stat.cov("a", "b")
        self.assertTrue(abs(cov - 55.0 / 3) < 1e-6)

    def test_crosstab(self):
        df = self.sc.parallelize([Row(a=i % 3, b=i % 2) for i in range(1, 7)]).toDF()
        ct = df.stat.crosstab("a", "b").collect()
        ct = sorted(ct, key=lambda x: x[0])
        for i, row in enumerate(ct):
            self.assertEqual(row[0], str(i))
            self.assertTrue(row[1], 1)
            self.assertTrue(row[2], 1)

    def test_math_functions(self):
        df = self.sc.parallelize([Row(a=i, b=2 * i) for i in range(10)]).toDF()
        from pyspark.sql import functions
        import math

        def get_values(l):
            return [j[0] for j in l]

        def assert_close(a, b):
            c = get_values(b)
            diff = [abs(v - c[k]) < 1e-6 for k, v in enumerate(a)]
            return sum(diff) == len(a)
        assert_close([math.cos(i) for i in range(10)],
                     df.select(functions.cos(df.a)).collect())
        assert_close([math.cos(i) for i in range(10)],
                     df.select(functions.cos("a")).collect())
        assert_close([math.sin(i) for i in range(10)],
                     df.select(functions.sin(df.a)).collect())
        assert_close([math.sin(i) for i in range(10)],
                     df.select(functions.sin(df['a'])).collect())
        assert_close([math.pow(i, 2 * i) for i in range(10)],
                     df.select(functions.pow(df.a, df.b)).collect())
        assert_close([math.pow(i, 2) for i in range(10)],
                     df.select(functions.pow(df.a, 2)).collect())
        assert_close([math.pow(i, 2) for i in range(10)],
                     df.select(functions.pow(df.a, 2.0)).collect())
        assert_close([math.hypot(i, 2 * i) for i in range(10)],
                     df.select(functions.hypot(df.a, df.b)).collect())

    def test_rand_functions(self):
        df = self.df
        from pyspark.sql import functions
        rnd = df.select('key', functions.rand()).collect()
        for row in rnd:
            assert row[1] >= 0.0 and row[1] <= 1.0, "got: %s" % row[1]
        rndn = df.select('key', functions.randn(5)).collect()
        for row in rndn:
            assert row[1] >= -4.0 and row[1] <= 4.0, "got: %s" % row[1]

        # If the specified seed is 0, we should use it.
        # https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-9691
        rnd1 = df.select('key', functions.rand(0)).collect()
        rnd2 = df.select('key', functions.rand(0)).collect()
        self.assertEqual(sorted(rnd1), sorted(rnd2))

        rndn1 = df.select('key', functions.randn(0)).collect()
        rndn2 = df.select('key', functions.randn(0)).collect()
        self.assertEqual(sorted(rndn1), sorted(rndn2))

    def test_array_contains_function(self):
        from pyspark.sql.functions import array_contains

        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([(["1", "2", "3"],), ([],)], ['data'])
        actual = df.select(array_contains(df.data, 1).alias('b')).collect()
        # The value argument can be implicitly castable to the element's type of the array.
        self.assertEqual([Row(b=True), Row(b=False)], actual)

    def test_between_function(self):
        df = self.sc.parallelize([
            Row(a=1, b=2, c=3),
            Row(a=2, b=1, c=3),
            Row(a=4, b=1, c=4)]).toDF()
        self.assertEqual([Row(a=2, b=1, c=3), Row(a=4, b=1, c=4)],
                         df.filter(df.a.between(df.b, df.c)).collect())

    def test_struct_type(self):
        from pyspark.sql.types import StructType, StringType, StructField
        struct1 = StructType().add("f1", StringType(), True).add("f2", StringType(), True, None)
        struct2 = StructType([StructField("f1", StringType(), True),
                              StructField("f2", StringType(), True, None)])
        self.assertEqual(struct1.fieldNames(), struct2.names)
        self.assertEqual(struct1, struct2)

        struct1 = StructType().add("f1", StringType(), True).add("f2", StringType(), True, None)
        struct2 = StructType([StructField("f1", StringType(), True)])
        self.assertNotEqual(struct1.fieldNames(), struct2.names)
        self.assertNotEqual(struct1, struct2)

        struct1 = (StructType().add(StructField("f1", StringType(), True))
                   .add(StructField("f2", StringType(), True, None)))
        struct2 = StructType([StructField("f1", StringType(), True),
                              StructField("f2", StringType(), True, None)])
        self.assertEqual(struct1.fieldNames(), struct2.names)
        self.assertEqual(struct1, struct2)

        struct1 = (StructType().add(StructField("f1", StringType(), True))
                   .add(StructField("f2", StringType(), True, None)))
        struct2 = StructType([StructField("f1", StringType(), True)])
        self.assertNotEqual(struct1.fieldNames(), struct2.names)
        self.assertNotEqual(struct1, struct2)

        # Catch exception raised during improper construction
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: StructType().add("name"))

        struct1 = StructType().add("f1", StringType(), True).add("f2", StringType(), True, None)
        for field in struct1:
            self.assertIsInstance(field, StructField)

        struct1 = StructType().add("f1", StringType(), True).add("f2", StringType(), True, None)
        self.assertEqual(len(struct1), 2)

        struct1 = StructType().add("f1", StringType(), True).add("f2", StringType(), True, None)
        self.assertIs(struct1["f1"], struct1.fields[0])
        self.assertIs(struct1[0], struct1.fields[0])
        self.assertEqual(struct1[0:1], StructType(struct1.fields[0:1]))
        self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: struct1["f9"])
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: struct1[9])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: struct1[9.9])

    def test_parse_datatype_string(self):
        from pyspark.sql.types import _all_atomic_types, _parse_datatype_string
        for k, t in _all_atomic_types.items():
            if t != NullType:
                self.assertEqual(t(), _parse_datatype_string(k))
        self.assertEqual(IntegerType(), _parse_datatype_string("int"))
        self.assertEqual(DecimalType(1, 1), _parse_datatype_string("decimal(1  ,1)"))
        self.assertEqual(DecimalType(10, 1), _parse_datatype_string("decimal( 10,1 )"))
        self.assertEqual(DecimalType(11, 1), _parse_datatype_string("decimal(11,1)"))
        self.assertEqual(
            ArrayType(IntegerType()),
            _parse_datatype_string("array<int >"))
        self.assertEqual(
            MapType(IntegerType(), DoubleType()),
            _parse_datatype_string("map< int, double  >"))
        self.assertEqual(
            StructType([StructField("a", IntegerType()), StructField("c", DoubleType())]),
            _parse_datatype_string("struct<a:int, c:double >"))
        self.assertEqual(
            StructType([StructField("a", IntegerType()), StructField("c", DoubleType())]),
            _parse_datatype_string("a:int, c:double"))
        self.assertEqual(
            StructType([StructField("a", IntegerType()), StructField("c", DoubleType())]),
            _parse_datatype_string("a INT, c DOUBLE"))

    def test_metadata_null(self):
        from pyspark.sql.types import StructType, StringType, StructField
        schema = StructType([StructField("f1", StringType(), True, None),
                             StructField("f2", StringType(), True, {'a': None})])
        rdd = self.sc.parallelize([["a", "b"], ["c", "d"]])
        self.spark.createDataFrame(rdd, schema)

    def test_save_and_load(self):
        df = self.df
        tmpPath = tempfile.mkdtemp()
        shutil.rmtree(tmpPath)
        df.write.json(tmpPath)
        actual = self.spark.read.json(tmpPath)
        self.assertEqual(sorted(df.collect()), sorted(actual.collect()))

        schema = StructType([StructField("value", StringType(), True)])
        actual = self.spark.read.json(tmpPath, schema)
        self.assertEqual(sorted(df.select("value").collect()), sorted(actual.collect()))

        df.write.json(tmpPath, "overwrite")
        actual = self.spark.read.json(tmpPath)
        self.assertEqual(sorted(df.collect()), sorted(actual.collect()))

        df.write.save(format="json", mode="overwrite", path=tmpPath,
                      noUse="this options will not be used in save.")
        actual = self.spark.read.load(format="json", path=tmpPath,
                                      noUse="this options will not be used in load.")
        self.assertEqual(sorted(df.collect()), sorted(actual.collect()))

        defaultDataSourceName = self.spark.conf.get("spark.sql.sources.default",
                                                    "org.apache.spark.sql.parquet")
        self.spark.sql("SET spark.sql.sources.default=org.apache.spark.sql.json")
        actual = self.spark.read.load(path=tmpPath)
        self.assertEqual(sorted(df.collect()), sorted(actual.collect()))
        self.spark.sql("SET spark.sql.sources.default=" + defaultDataSourceName)

        csvpath = os.path.join(tempfile.mkdtemp(), 'data')
        df.write.option('quote', None).format('csv').save(csvpath)

        shutil.rmtree(tmpPath)

    def test_save_and_load_builder(self):
        df = self.df
        tmpPath = tempfile.mkdtemp()
        shutil.rmtree(tmpPath)
        df.write.json(tmpPath)
        actual = self.spark.read.json(tmpPath)
        self.assertEqual(sorted(df.collect()), sorted(actual.collect()))

        schema = StructType([StructField("value", StringType(), True)])
        actual = self.spark.read.json(tmpPath, schema)
        self.assertEqual(sorted(df.select("value").collect()), sorted(actual.collect()))

        df.write.mode("overwrite").json(tmpPath)
        actual = self.spark.read.json(tmpPath)
        self.assertEqual(sorted(df.collect()), sorted(actual.collect()))

        df.write.mode("overwrite").options(noUse="this options will not be used in save.")\
                .option("noUse", "this option will not be used in save.")\
                .format("json").save(path=tmpPath)
        actual =\
            self.spark.read.format("json")\
                           .load(path=tmpPath, noUse="this options will not be used in load.")
        self.assertEqual(sorted(df.collect()), sorted(actual.collect()))

        defaultDataSourceName = self.spark.conf.get("spark.sql.sources.default",
                                                    "org.apache.spark.sql.parquet")
        self.spark.sql("SET spark.sql.sources.default=org.apache.spark.sql.json")
        actual = self.spark.read.load(path=tmpPath)
        self.assertEqual(sorted(df.collect()), sorted(actual.collect()))
        self.spark.sql("SET spark.sql.sources.default=" + defaultDataSourceName)

        shutil.rmtree(tmpPath)

    def test_stream_trigger(self):
        df = self.spark.readStream.format('text').load('python/test_support/sql/streaming')

        # Should take at least one arg
        try:
            df.writeStream.trigger()
        except ValueError:
            pass

        # Should not take multiple args
        try:
            df.writeStream.trigger(once=True, processingTime='5 seconds')
        except ValueError:
            pass

        # Should take only keyword args
        try:
            df.writeStream.trigger('5 seconds')
            self.fail("Should have thrown an exception")
        except TypeError:
            pass

    def test_stream_read_options(self):
        schema = StructType([StructField("data", StringType(), False)])
        df = self.spark.readStream\
            .format('text')\
            .option('path', 'python/test_support/sql/streaming')\
            .schema(schema)\
            .load()
        self.assertTrue(df.isStreaming)
        self.assertEqual(df.schema.simpleString(), "struct<data:string>")

    def test_stream_read_options_overwrite(self):
        bad_schema = StructType([StructField("test", IntegerType(), False)])
        schema = StructType([StructField("data", StringType(), False)])
        df = self.spark.readStream.format('csv').option('path', 'python/test_support/sql/fake') \
            .schema(bad_schema)\
            .load(path='python/test_support/sql/streaming', schema=schema, format='text')
        self.assertTrue(df.isStreaming)
        self.assertEqual(df.schema.simpleString(), "struct<data:string>")

    def test_stream_save_options(self):
        df = self.spark.readStream.format('text').load('python/test_support/sql/streaming') \
            .withColumn('id', lit(1))
        for q in self.spark._wrapped.streams.active:
            q.stop()
        tmpPath = tempfile.mkdtemp()
        shutil.rmtree(tmpPath)
        self.assertTrue(df.isStreaming)
        out = os.path.join(tmpPath, 'out')
        chk = os.path.join(tmpPath, 'chk')
        q = df.writeStream.option('checkpointLocation', chk).queryName('this_query') \
            .format('parquet').partitionBy('id').outputMode('append').option('path', out).start()
        try:
            self.assertEqual(q.name, 'this_query')
            self.assertTrue(q.isActive)
            q.processAllAvailable()
            output_files = []
            for _, _, files in os.walk(out):
                output_files.extend([f for f in files if not f.startswith('.')])
            self.assertTrue(len(output_files) > 0)
            self.assertTrue(len(os.listdir(chk)) > 0)
        finally:
            q.stop()
            shutil.rmtree(tmpPath)

    def test_stream_save_options_overwrite(self):
        df = self.spark.readStream.format('text').load('python/test_support/sql/streaming')
        for q in self.spark._wrapped.streams.active:
            q.stop()
        tmpPath = tempfile.mkdtemp()
        shutil.rmtree(tmpPath)
        self.assertTrue(df.isStreaming)
        out = os.path.join(tmpPath, 'out')
        chk = os.path.join(tmpPath, 'chk')
        fake1 = os.path.join(tmpPath, 'fake1')
        fake2 = os.path.join(tmpPath, 'fake2')
        q = df.writeStream.option('checkpointLocation', fake1)\
            .format('memory').option('path', fake2) \
            .queryName('fake_query').outputMode('append') \
            .start(path=out, format='parquet', queryName='this_query', checkpointLocation=chk)

        try:
            self.assertEqual(q.name, 'this_query')
            self.assertTrue(q.isActive)
            q.processAllAvailable()
            output_files = []
            for _, _, files in os.walk(out):
                output_files.extend([f for f in files if not f.startswith('.')])
            self.assertTrue(len(output_files) > 0)
            self.assertTrue(len(os.listdir(chk)) > 0)
            self.assertFalse(os.path.isdir(fake1))  # should not have been created
            self.assertFalse(os.path.isdir(fake2))  # should not have been created
        finally:
            q.stop()
            shutil.rmtree(tmpPath)

    def test_stream_status_and_progress(self):
        df = self.spark.readStream.format('text').load('python/test_support/sql/streaming')
        for q in self.spark._wrapped.streams.active:
            q.stop()
        tmpPath = tempfile.mkdtemp()
        shutil.rmtree(tmpPath)
        self.assertTrue(df.isStreaming)
        out = os.path.join(tmpPath, 'out')
        chk = os.path.join(tmpPath, 'chk')

        def func(x):
            time.sleep(1)
            return x

        from pyspark.sql.functions import col, udf
        sleep_udf = udf(func)

        # Use "sleep_udf" to delay the progress update so that we can test `lastProgress` when there
        # were no updates.
        q = df.select(sleep_udf(col("value")).alias('value')).writeStream \
            .start(path=out, format='parquet', queryName='this_query', checkpointLocation=chk)
        try:
            # "lastProgress" will return None in most cases. However, as it may be flaky when
            # Jenkins is very slow, we don't assert it. If there is something wrong, "lastProgress"
            # may throw error with a high chance and make this test flaky, so we should still be
            # able to detect broken codes.
            q.lastProgress

            q.processAllAvailable()
            lastProgress = q.lastProgress
            recentProgress = q.recentProgress
            status = q.status
            self.assertEqual(lastProgress['name'], q.name)
            self.assertEqual(lastProgress['id'], q.id)
            self.assertTrue(any(p == lastProgress for p in recentProgress))
            self.assertTrue(
                "message" in status and
                "isDataAvailable" in status and
                "isTriggerActive" in status)
        finally:
            q.stop()
            shutil.rmtree(tmpPath)

    def test_stream_await_termination(self):
        df = self.spark.readStream.format('text').load('python/test_support/sql/streaming')
        for q in self.spark._wrapped.streams.active:
            q.stop()
        tmpPath = tempfile.mkdtemp()
        shutil.rmtree(tmpPath)
        self.assertTrue(df.isStreaming)
        out = os.path.join(tmpPath, 'out')
        chk = os.path.join(tmpPath, 'chk')
        q = df.writeStream\
            .start(path=out, format='parquet', queryName='this_query', checkpointLocation=chk)
        try:
            self.assertTrue(q.isActive)
            try:
                q.awaitTermination("hello")
                self.fail("Expected a value exception")
            except ValueError:
                pass
            now = time.time()
            # test should take at least 2 seconds
            res = q.awaitTermination(2.6)
            duration = time.time() - now
            self.assertTrue(duration >= 2)
            self.assertFalse(res)
        finally:
            q.stop()
            shutil.rmtree(tmpPath)

    def test_stream_exception(self):
        sdf = self.spark.readStream.format('text').load('python/test_support/sql/streaming')
        sq = sdf.writeStream.format('memory').queryName('query_explain').start()
        try:
            sq.processAllAvailable()
            self.assertEqual(sq.exception(), None)
        finally:
            sq.stop()

        from pyspark.sql.functions import col, udf
        from pyspark.sql.utils import StreamingQueryException
        bad_udf = udf(lambda x: 1 / 0)
        sq = sdf.select(bad_udf(col("value")))\
            .writeStream\
            .format('memory')\
            .queryName('this_query')\
            .start()
        try:
            # Process some data to fail the query
            sq.processAllAvailable()
            self.fail("bad udf should fail the query")
        except StreamingQueryException as e:
            # This is expected
            self.assertTrue("ZeroDivisionError" in e.desc)
        finally:
            sq.stop()
        self.assertTrue(type(sq.exception()) is StreamingQueryException)
        self.assertTrue("ZeroDivisionError" in sq.exception().desc)

    def test_query_manager_await_termination(self):
        df = self.spark.readStream.format('text').load('python/test_support/sql/streaming')
        for q in self.spark._wrapped.streams.active:
            q.stop()
        tmpPath = tempfile.mkdtemp()
        shutil.rmtree(tmpPath)
        self.assertTrue(df.isStreaming)
        out = os.path.join(tmpPath, 'out')
        chk = os.path.join(tmpPath, 'chk')
        q = df.writeStream\
            .start(path=out, format='parquet', queryName='this_query', checkpointLocation=chk)
        try:
            self.assertTrue(q.isActive)
            try:
                self.spark._wrapped.streams.awaitAnyTermination("hello")
                self.fail("Expected a value exception")
            except ValueError:
                pass
            now = time.time()
            # test should take at least 2 seconds
            res = self.spark._wrapped.streams.awaitAnyTermination(2.6)
            duration = time.time() - now
            self.assertTrue(duration >= 2)
            self.assertFalse(res)
        finally:
            q.stop()
            shutil.rmtree(tmpPath)

    def test_help_command(self):
        # Regression test for SPARK-5464
        rdd = self.sc.parallelize(['{"foo":"bar"}', '{"foo":"baz"}'])
        df = self.spark.read.json(rdd)
        # render_doc() reproduces the help() exception without printing output
        pydoc.render_doc(df)
        pydoc.render_doc(df.foo)
        pydoc.render_doc(df.take(1))

    def test_access_column(self):
        df = self.df
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(df.key, Column))
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(df['key'], Column))
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(df[0], Column))
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: df[2])
        self.assertRaises(AnalysisException, lambda: df["bad_key"])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: df[{}])

    def test_column_name_with_non_ascii(self):
        if sys.version >= '3':
            columnName = "数量"
            self.assertTrue(isinstance(columnName, str))
        else:
            columnName = unicode("数量", "utf-8")
            self.assertTrue(isinstance(columnName, unicode))
        schema = StructType([StructField(columnName, LongType(), True)])
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([(1,)], schema)
        self.assertEqual(schema, df.schema)
        self.assertEqual("DataFrame[数量: bigint]", str(df))
        self.assertEqual([("数量", 'bigint')], df.dtypes)
        self.assertEqual(1, df.select("数量").first()[0])
        self.assertEqual(1, df.select(df["数量"]).first()[0])

    def test_access_nested_types(self):
        df = self.sc.parallelize([Row(l=[1], r=Row(a=1, b="b"), d={"k": "v"})]).toDF()
        self.assertEqual(1, df.select(df.l[0]).first()[0])
        self.assertEqual(1, df.select(df.l.getItem(0)).first()[0])
        self.assertEqual(1, df.select(df.r.a).first()[0])
        self.assertEqual("b", df.select(df.r.getField("b")).first()[0])
        self.assertEqual("v", df.select(df.d["k"]).first()[0])
        self.assertEqual("v", df.select(df.d.getItem("k")).first()[0])

    def test_field_accessor(self):
        df = self.sc.parallelize([Row(l=[1], r=Row(a=1, b="b"), d={"k": "v"})]).toDF()
        self.assertEqual(1, df.select(df.l[0]).first()[0])
        self.assertEqual(1, df.select(df.r["a"]).first()[0])
        self.assertEqual(1, df.select(df["r.a"]).first()[0])
        self.assertEqual("b", df.select(df.r["b"]).first()[0])
        self.assertEqual("b", df.select(df["r.b"]).first()[0])
        self.assertEqual("v", df.select(df.d["k"]).first()[0])

    def test_infer_long_type(self):
        longrow = [Row(f1='a', f2=100000000000000)]
        df = self.sc.parallelize(longrow).toDF()
        self.assertEqual(df.schema.fields[1].dataType, LongType())

        # this saving as Parquet caused issues as well.
        output_dir = os.path.join(self.tempdir.name, "infer_long_type")
        df.write.parquet(output_dir)
        df1 = self.spark.read.parquet(output_dir)
        self.assertEqual('a', df1.first().f1)
        self.assertEqual(100000000000000, df1.first().f2)

        self.assertEqual(_infer_type(1), LongType())
        self.assertEqual(_infer_type(2**10), LongType())
        self.assertEqual(_infer_type(2**20), LongType())
        self.assertEqual(_infer_type(2**31 - 1), LongType())
        self.assertEqual(_infer_type(2**31), LongType())
        self.assertEqual(_infer_type(2**61), LongType())
        self.assertEqual(_infer_type(2**71), LongType())

    def test_filter_with_datetime(self):
        time = datetime.datetime(2015, 4, 17, 23, 1, 2, 3000)
        date = time.date()
        row = Row(date=date, time=time)
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([row])
        self.assertEqual(1, df.filter(df.date == date).count())
        self.assertEqual(1, df.filter(df.time == time).count())
        self.assertEqual(0, df.filter(df.date > date).count())
        self.assertEqual(0, df.filter(df.time > time).count())

    def test_filter_with_datetime_timezone(self):
        dt1 = datetime.datetime(2015, 4, 17, 23, 1, 2, 3000, tzinfo=UTCOffsetTimezone(0))
        dt2 = datetime.datetime(2015, 4, 17, 23, 1, 2, 3000, tzinfo=UTCOffsetTimezone(1))
        row = Row(date=dt1)
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([row])
        self.assertEqual(0, df.filter(df.date == dt2).count())
        self.assertEqual(1, df.filter(df.date > dt2).count())
        self.assertEqual(0, df.filter(df.date < dt2).count())

    def test_time_with_timezone(self):
        day = datetime.date.today()
        now = datetime.datetime.now()
        ts = time.mktime(now.timetuple())
        # class in __main__ is not serializable
        from pyspark.sql.tests import UTCOffsetTimezone
        utc = UTCOffsetTimezone()
        utcnow = datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(ts)  # without microseconds
        # add microseconds to utcnow (keeping year,month,day,hour,minute,second)
        utcnow = datetime.datetime(*(utcnow.timetuple()[:6] + (now.microsecond, utc)))
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([(day, now, utcnow)])
        day1, now1, utcnow1 = df.first()
        self.assertEqual(day1, day)
        self.assertEqual(now, now1)
        self.assertEqual(now, utcnow1)

    # regression test for SPARK-19561
    def test_datetime_at_epoch(self):
        epoch = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(0)
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([Row(date=epoch)])
        first = df.select('date', lit(epoch).alias('lit_date')).first()
        self.assertEqual(first['date'], epoch)
        self.assertEqual(first['lit_date'], epoch)

    def test_decimal(self):
        from decimal import Decimal
        schema = StructType([StructField("decimal", DecimalType(10, 5))])
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([(Decimal("3.14159"),)], schema)
        row = df.select(df.decimal + 1).first()
        self.assertEqual(row[0], Decimal("4.14159"))
        tmpPath = tempfile.mkdtemp()
        shutil.rmtree(tmpPath)
        df.write.parquet(tmpPath)
        df2 = self.spark.read.parquet(tmpPath)
        row = df2.first()
        self.assertEqual(row[0], Decimal("3.14159"))

    def test_dropna(self):
        schema = StructType([
            StructField("name", StringType(), True),
            StructField("age", IntegerType(), True),
            StructField("height", DoubleType(), True)])

        # shouldn't drop a non-null row
        self.assertEqual(self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 50, 80.1)], schema).dropna().count(),
            1)

        # dropping rows with a single null value
        self.assertEqual(self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', None, 80.1)], schema).dropna().count(),
            0)
        self.assertEqual(self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', None, 80.1)], schema).dropna(how='any').count(),
            0)

        # if how = 'all', only drop rows if all values are null
        self.assertEqual(self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', None, 80.1)], schema).dropna(how='all').count(),
            1)
        self.assertEqual(self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(None, None, None)], schema).dropna(how='all').count(),
            0)

        # how and subset
        self.assertEqual(self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 50, None)], schema).dropna(how='any', subset=['name', 'age']).count(),
            1)
        self.assertEqual(self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', None, None)], schema).dropna(how='any', subset=['name', 'age']).count(),
            0)

        # threshold
        self.assertEqual(self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', None, 80.1)], schema).dropna(thresh=2).count(),
            1)
        self.assertEqual(self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', None, None)], schema).dropna(thresh=2).count(),
            0)

        # threshold and subset
        self.assertEqual(self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 50, None)], schema).dropna(thresh=2, subset=['name', 'age']).count(),
            1)
        self.assertEqual(self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', None, 180.9)], schema).dropna(thresh=2, subset=['name', 'age']).count(),
            0)

        # thresh should take precedence over how
        self.assertEqual(self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 50, None)], schema).dropna(
                how='any', thresh=2, subset=['name', 'age']).count(),
            1)

    def test_fillna(self):
        schema = StructType([
            StructField("name", StringType(), True),
            StructField("age", IntegerType(), True),
            StructField("height", DoubleType(), True),
            StructField("spy", BooleanType(), True)])

        # fillna shouldn't change non-null values
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame([(u'Alice', 10, 80.1, True)], schema).fillna(50).first()
        self.assertEqual(row.age, 10)

        # fillna with int
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame([(u'Alice', None, None, None)], schema).fillna(50).first()
        self.assertEqual(row.age, 50)
        self.assertEqual(row.height, 50.0)

        # fillna with double
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', None, None, None)], schema).fillna(50.1).first()
        self.assertEqual(row.age, 50)
        self.assertEqual(row.height, 50.1)

        # fillna with bool
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', None, None, None)], schema).fillna(True).first()
        self.assertEqual(row.age, None)
        self.assertEqual(row.spy, True)

        # fillna with string
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame([(None, None, None, None)], schema).fillna("hello").first()
        self.assertEqual(row.name, u"hello")
        self.assertEqual(row.age, None)

        # fillna with subset specified for numeric cols
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(None, None, None, None)], schema).fillna(50, subset=['name', 'age']).first()
        self.assertEqual(row.name, None)
        self.assertEqual(row.age, 50)
        self.assertEqual(row.height, None)
        self.assertEqual(row.spy, None)

        # fillna with subset specified for string cols
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(None, None, None, None)], schema).fillna("haha", subset=['name', 'age']).first()
        self.assertEqual(row.name, "haha")
        self.assertEqual(row.age, None)
        self.assertEqual(row.height, None)
        self.assertEqual(row.spy, None)

        # fillna with subset specified for bool cols
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(None, None, None, None)], schema).fillna(True, subset=['name', 'spy']).first()
        self.assertEqual(row.name, None)
        self.assertEqual(row.age, None)
        self.assertEqual(row.height, None)
        self.assertEqual(row.spy, True)

        # fillna with dictionary for boolean types
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame([Row(a=None), Row(a=True)]).fillna({"a": True}).first()
        self.assertEqual(row.a, True)

    def test_bitwise_operations(self):
        from pyspark.sql import functions
        row = Row(a=170, b=75)
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([row])
        result = df.select(df.a.bitwiseAND(df.b)).collect()[0].asDict()
        self.assertEqual(170 & 75, result['(a & b)'])
        result = df.select(df.a.bitwiseOR(df.b)).collect()[0].asDict()
        self.assertEqual(170 | 75, result['(a | b)'])
        result = df.select(df.a.bitwiseXOR(df.b)).collect()[0].asDict()
        self.assertEqual(170 ^ 75, result['(a ^ b)'])
        result = df.select(functions.bitwiseNOT(df.b)).collect()[0].asDict()
        self.assertEqual(~75, result['~b'])

    def test_expr(self):
        from pyspark.sql import functions
        row = Row(a="length string", b=75)
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([row])
        result = df.select(functions.expr("length(a)")).collect()[0].asDict()
        self.assertEqual(13, result["length(a)"])

    def test_replace(self):
        schema = StructType([
            StructField("name", StringType(), True),
            StructField("age", IntegerType(), True),
            StructField("height", DoubleType(), True)])

        # replace with int
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame([(u'Alice', 10, 10.0)], schema).replace(10, 20).first()
        self.assertEqual(row.age, 20)
        self.assertEqual(row.height, 20.0)

        # replace with double
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 80, 80.0)], schema).replace(80.0, 82.1).first()
        self.assertEqual(row.age, 82)
        self.assertEqual(row.height, 82.1)

        # replace with string
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 10, 80.1)], schema).replace(u'Alice', u'Ann').first()
        self.assertEqual(row.name, u"Ann")
        self.assertEqual(row.age, 10)

        # replace with subset specified by a string of a column name w/ actual change
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 10, 80.1)], schema).replace(10, 20, subset='age').first()
        self.assertEqual(row.age, 20)

        # replace with subset specified by a string of a column name w/o actual change
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 10, 80.1)], schema).replace(10, 20, subset='height').first()
        self.assertEqual(row.age, 10)

        # replace with subset specified with one column replaced, another column not in subset
        # stays unchanged.
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 10, 10.0)], schema).replace(10, 20, subset=['name', 'age']).first()
        self.assertEqual(row.name, u'Alice')
        self.assertEqual(row.age, 20)
        self.assertEqual(row.height, 10.0)

        # replace with subset specified but no column will be replaced
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 10, None)], schema).replace(10, 20, subset=['name', 'height']).first()
        self.assertEqual(row.name, u'Alice')
        self.assertEqual(row.age, 10)
        self.assertEqual(row.height, None)

        # replace with lists
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 10, 80.1)], schema).replace([u'Alice'], [u'Ann']).first()
        self.assertTupleEqual(row, (u'Ann', 10, 80.1))

        # replace with dict
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 10, 80.1)], schema).replace({10: 11}).first()
        self.assertTupleEqual(row, (u'Alice', 11, 80.1))

        # test backward compatibility with dummy value
        dummy_value = 1
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 10, 80.1)], schema).replace({'Alice': 'Bob'}, dummy_value).first()
        self.assertTupleEqual(row, (u'Bob', 10, 80.1))

        # test dict with mixed numerics
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 10, 80.1)], schema).replace({10: -10, 80.1: 90.5}).first()
        self.assertTupleEqual(row, (u'Alice', -10, 90.5))

        # replace with tuples
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 10, 80.1)], schema).replace((u'Alice', ), (u'Bob', )).first()
        self.assertTupleEqual(row, (u'Bob', 10, 80.1))

        # replace multiple columns
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 10, 80.0)], schema).replace((10, 80.0), (20, 90)).first()
        self.assertTupleEqual(row, (u'Alice', 20, 90.0))

        # test for mixed numerics
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 10, 80.0)], schema).replace((10, 80), (20, 90.5)).first()
        self.assertTupleEqual(row, (u'Alice', 20, 90.5))

        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 10, 80.0)], schema).replace({10: 20, 80: 90.5}).first()
        self.assertTupleEqual(row, (u'Alice', 20, 90.5))

        # replace with boolean
        row = (self
               .spark.createDataFrame([(u'Alice', 10, 80.0)], schema)
               .selectExpr("name = 'Bob'", 'age <= 15')
               .replace(False, True).first())
        self.assertTupleEqual(row, (True, True))

        # replace list while value is not given (default to None)
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 10, 80.0)], schema).replace(["Alice", "Bob"]).first()
        self.assertTupleEqual(row, (None, 10, 80.0))

        # replace string with None and then drop None rows
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 10, 80.0)], schema).replace(u'Alice', None).dropna()
        self.assertEqual(row.count(), 0)

        # replace with number and None
        row = self.spark.createDataFrame(
            [(u'Alice', 10, 80.0)], schema).replace([10, 80], [20, None]).first()
        self.assertTupleEqual(row, (u'Alice', 20, None))

        # should fail if subset is not list, tuple or None
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            self.spark.createDataFrame(
                [(u'Alice', 10, 80.1)], schema).replace({10: 11}, subset=1).first()

        # should fail if to_replace and value have different length
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            self.spark.createDataFrame(
                [(u'Alice', 10, 80.1)], schema).replace(["Alice", "Bob"], ["Eve"]).first()

        # should fail if when received unexpected type
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            from datetime import datetime
            self.spark.createDataFrame(
                [(u'Alice', 10, 80.1)], schema).replace(datetime.now(), datetime.now()).first()

        # should fail if provided mixed type replacements
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            self.spark.createDataFrame(
                [(u'Alice', 10, 80.1)], schema).replace(["Alice", 10], ["Eve", 20]).first()

        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            self.spark.createDataFrame(
                [(u'Alice', 10, 80.1)], schema).replace({u"Alice": u"Bob", 10: 20}).first()

    def test_capture_analysis_exception(self):
        self.assertRaises(AnalysisException, lambda: self.spark.sql("select abc"))
        self.assertRaises(AnalysisException, lambda: self.df.selectExpr("a + b"))

    def test_capture_parse_exception(self):
        self.assertRaises(ParseException, lambda: self.spark.sql("abc"))

    def test_capture_illegalargument_exception(self):
        self.assertRaisesRegexp(IllegalArgumentException, "Setting negative mapred.reduce.tasks",
                                lambda: self.spark.sql("SET mapred.reduce.tasks=-1"))
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([(1, 2)], ["a", "b"])
        self.assertRaisesRegexp(IllegalArgumentException, "1024 is not in the permitted values",
                                lambda: df.select(sha2(df.a, 1024)).collect())
        try:
            df.select(sha2(df.a, 1024)).collect()
        except IllegalArgumentException as e:
            self.assertRegexpMatches(e.desc, "1024 is not in the permitted values")
            self.assertRegexpMatches(e.stackTrace,
                                     "org.apache.spark.sql.functions")

    def test_with_column_with_existing_name(self):
        keys = self.df.withColumn("key", self.df.key).select("key").collect()
        self.assertEqual([r.key for r in keys], list(range(100)))

    # regression test for SPARK-10417
    def test_column_iterator(self):

        def foo():
            for x in self.df.key:
                break

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, foo)

    # add test for SPARK-10577 (test broadcast join hint)
    def test_functions_broadcast(self):
        from pyspark.sql.functions import broadcast

        df1 = self.spark.createDataFrame([(1, "1"), (2, "2")], ("key", "value"))
        df2 = self.spark.createDataFrame([(1, "1"), (2, "2")], ("key", "value"))

        # equijoin - should be converted into broadcast join
        plan1 = df1.join(broadcast(df2), "key")._jdf.queryExecution().executedPlan()
        self.assertEqual(1, plan1.toString().count("BroadcastHashJoin"))

        # no join key -- should not be a broadcast join
        plan2 = df1.crossJoin(broadcast(df2))._jdf.queryExecution().executedPlan()
        self.assertEqual(0, plan2.toString().count("BroadcastHashJoin"))

        # planner should not crash without a join
        broadcast(df1)._jdf.queryExecution().executedPlan()

    def test_generic_hints(self):
        from pyspark.sql import DataFrame

        df1 = self.spark.range(10e10).toDF("id")
        df2 = self.spark.range(10e10).toDF("id")

        self.assertIsInstance(df1.hint("broadcast"), DataFrame)
        self.assertIsInstance(df1.hint("broadcast", []), DataFrame)

        # Dummy rules
        self.assertIsInstance(df1.hint("broadcast", "foo", "bar"), DataFrame)
        self.assertIsInstance(df1.hint("broadcast", ["foo", "bar"]), DataFrame)

        plan = df1.join(df2.hint("broadcast"), "id")._jdf.queryExecution().executedPlan()
        self.assertEqual(1, plan.toString().count("BroadcastHashJoin"))

    def test_toDF_with_schema_string(self):
        data = [Row(key=i, value=str(i)) for i in range(100)]
        rdd = self.sc.parallelize(data, 5)

        df = rdd.toDF("key: int, value: string")
        self.assertEqual(df.schema.simpleString(), "struct<key:int,value:string>")
        self.assertEqual(df.collect(), data)

        # different but compatible field types can be used.
        df = rdd.toDF("key: string, value: string")
        self.assertEqual(df.schema.simpleString(), "struct<key:string,value:string>")
        self.assertEqual(df.collect(), [Row(key=str(i), value=str(i)) for i in range(100)])

        # field names can differ.
        df = rdd.toDF(" a: int, b: string ")
        self.assertEqual(df.schema.simpleString(), "struct<a:int,b:string>")
        self.assertEqual(df.collect(), data)

        # number of fields must match.
        self.assertRaisesRegexp(Exception, "Length of object",
                                lambda: rdd.toDF("key: int").collect())

        # field types mismatch will cause exception at runtime.
        self.assertRaisesRegexp(Exception, "FloatType can not accept",
                                lambda: rdd.toDF("key: float, value: string").collect())

        # flat schema values will be wrapped into row.
        df = rdd.map(lambda row: row.key).toDF("int")
        self.assertEqual(df.schema.simpleString(), "struct<value:int>")
        self.assertEqual(df.collect(), [Row(key=i) for i in range(100)])

        # users can use DataType directly instead of data type string.
        df = rdd.map(lambda row: row.key).toDF(IntegerType())
        self.assertEqual(df.schema.simpleString(), "struct<value:int>")
        self.assertEqual(df.collect(), [Row(key=i) for i in range(100)])

    def test_join_without_on(self):
        df1 = self.spark.range(1).toDF("a")
        df2 = self.spark.range(1).toDF("b")

        try:
            self.spark.conf.set("spark.sql.crossJoin.enabled", "false")
            self.assertRaises(AnalysisException, lambda: df1.join(df2, how="inner").collect())

            self.spark.conf.set("spark.sql.crossJoin.enabled", "true")
            actual = df1.join(df2, how="inner").collect()
            expected = [Row(a=0, b=0)]
            self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
        finally:
            # We should unset this. Otherwise, other tests are affected.
            self.spark.conf.unset("spark.sql.crossJoin.enabled")

    # Regression test for invalid join methods when on is None, Spark-14761
    def test_invalid_join_method(self):
        df1 = self.spark.createDataFrame([("Alice", 5), ("Bob", 8)], ["name", "age"])
        df2 = self.spark.createDataFrame([("Alice", 80), ("Bob", 90)], ["name", "height"])
        self.assertRaises(IllegalArgumentException, lambda: df1.join(df2, how="invalid-join-type"))

    # Cartesian products require cross join syntax
    def test_require_cross(self):
        from pyspark.sql.functions import broadcast

        df1 = self.spark.createDataFrame([(1, "1")], ("key", "value"))
        df2 = self.spark.createDataFrame([(1, "1")], ("key", "value"))

        # joins without conditions require cross join syntax
        self.assertRaises(AnalysisException, lambda: df1.join(df2).collect())

        # works with crossJoin
        self.assertEqual(1, df1.crossJoin(df2).count())

    def test_conf(self):
        spark = self.spark
        spark.conf.set("bogo", "sipeo")
        self.assertEqual(spark.conf.get("bogo"), "sipeo")
        spark.conf.set("bogo", "ta")
        self.assertEqual(spark.conf.get("bogo"), "ta")
        self.assertEqual(spark.conf.get("bogo", "not.read"), "ta")
        self.assertEqual(spark.conf.get("not.set", "ta"), "ta")
        self.assertRaisesRegexp(Exception, "not.set", lambda: spark.conf.get("not.set"))
        spark.conf.unset("bogo")
        self.assertEqual(spark.conf.get("bogo", "colombia"), "colombia")

    def test_current_database(self):
        spark = self.spark
        spark.catalog._reset()
        self.assertEquals(spark.catalog.currentDatabase(), "default")
        spark.sql("CREATE DATABASE some_db")
        spark.catalog.setCurrentDatabase("some_db")
        self.assertEquals(spark.catalog.currentDatabase(), "some_db")
        self.assertRaisesRegexp(
            AnalysisException,
            "does_not_exist",
            lambda: spark.catalog.setCurrentDatabase("does_not_exist"))

    def test_list_databases(self):
        spark = self.spark
        spark.catalog._reset()
        databases = [db.name for db in spark.catalog.listDatabases()]
        self.assertEquals(databases, ["default"])
        spark.sql("CREATE DATABASE some_db")
        databases = [db.name for db in spark.catalog.listDatabases()]
        self.assertEquals(sorted(databases), ["default", "some_db"])

    def test_list_tables(self):
        from pyspark.sql.catalog import Table
        spark = self.spark
        spark.catalog._reset()
        spark.sql("CREATE DATABASE some_db")
        self.assertEquals(spark.catalog.listTables(), [])
        self.assertEquals(spark.catalog.listTables("some_db"), [])
        spark.createDataFrame([(1, 1)]).createOrReplaceTempView("temp_tab")
        spark.sql("CREATE TABLE tab1 (name STRING, age INT) USING parquet")
        spark.sql("CREATE TABLE some_db.tab2 (name STRING, age INT) USING parquet")
        tables = sorted(spark.catalog.listTables(), key=lambda t: t.name)
        tablesDefault = sorted(spark.catalog.listTables("default"), key=lambda t: t.name)
        tablesSomeDb = sorted(spark.catalog.listTables("some_db"), key=lambda t: t.name)
        self.assertEquals(tables, tablesDefault)
        self.assertEquals(len(tables), 2)
        self.assertEquals(len(tablesSomeDb), 2)
        self.assertEquals(tables[0], Table(
            name="tab1",
            database="default",
            description=None,
            tableType="MANAGED",
            isTemporary=False))
        self.assertEquals(tables[1], Table(
            name="temp_tab",
            database=None,
            description=None,
            tableType="TEMPORARY",
            isTemporary=True))
        self.assertEquals(tablesSomeDb[0], Table(
            name="tab2",
            database="some_db",
            description=None,
            tableType="MANAGED",
            isTemporary=False))
        self.assertEquals(tablesSomeDb[1], Table(
            name="temp_tab",
            database=None,
            description=None,
            tableType="TEMPORARY",
            isTemporary=True))
        self.assertRaisesRegexp(
            AnalysisException,
            "does_not_exist",
            lambda: spark.catalog.listTables("does_not_exist"))

    def test_list_functions(self):
        from pyspark.sql.catalog import Function
        spark = self.spark
        spark.catalog._reset()
        spark.sql("CREATE DATABASE some_db")
        functions = dict((f.name, f) for f in spark.catalog.listFunctions())
        functionsDefault = dict((f.name, f) for f in spark.catalog.listFunctions("default"))
        self.assertTrue(len(functions) > 200)
        self.assertTrue("+" in functions)
        self.assertTrue("like" in functions)
        self.assertTrue("month" in functions)
        self.assertTrue("to_date" in functions)
        self.assertTrue("to_timestamp" in functions)
        self.assertTrue("to_unix_timestamp" in functions)
        self.assertTrue("current_database" in functions)
        self.assertEquals(functions["+"], Function(
            name="+",
            description=None,
            className="org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.Add",
            isTemporary=True))
        self.assertEquals(functions, functionsDefault)
        spark.catalog.registerFunction("temp_func", lambda x: str(x))
        spark.sql("CREATE FUNCTION func1 AS 'org.apache.spark.data.bricks'")
        spark.sql("CREATE FUNCTION some_db.func2 AS 'org.apache.spark.data.bricks'")
        newFunctions = dict((f.name, f) for f in spark.catalog.listFunctions())
        newFunctionsSomeDb = dict((f.name, f) for f in spark.catalog.listFunctions("some_db"))
        self.assertTrue(set(functions).issubset(set(newFunctions)))
        self.assertTrue(set(functions).issubset(set(newFunctionsSomeDb)))
        self.assertTrue("temp_func" in newFunctions)
        self.assertTrue("func1" in newFunctions)
        self.assertTrue("func2" not in newFunctions)
        self.assertTrue("temp_func" in newFunctionsSomeDb)
        self.assertTrue("func1" not in newFunctionsSomeDb)
        self.assertTrue("func2" in newFunctionsSomeDb)
        self.assertRaisesRegexp(
            AnalysisException,
            "does_not_exist",
            lambda: spark.catalog.listFunctions("does_not_exist"))

    def test_list_columns(self):
        from pyspark.sql.catalog import Column
        spark = self.spark
        spark.catalog._reset()
        spark.sql("CREATE DATABASE some_db")
        spark.sql("CREATE TABLE tab1 (name STRING, age INT) USING parquet")
        spark.sql("CREATE TABLE some_db.tab2 (nickname STRING, tolerance FLOAT) USING parquet")
        columns = sorted(spark.catalog.listColumns("tab1"), key=lambda c: c.name)
        columnsDefault = sorted(spark.catalog.listColumns("tab1", "default"), key=lambda c: c.name)
        self.assertEquals(columns, columnsDefault)
        self.assertEquals(len(columns), 2)
        self.assertEquals(columns[0], Column(
            name="age",
            description=None,
            dataType="int",
            nullable=True,
            isPartition=False,
            isBucket=False))
        self.assertEquals(columns[1], Column(
            name="name",
            description=None,
            dataType="string",
            nullable=True,
            isPartition=False,
            isBucket=False))
        columns2 = sorted(spark.catalog.listColumns("tab2", "some_db"), key=lambda c: c.name)
        self.assertEquals(len(columns2), 2)
        self.assertEquals(columns2[0], Column(
            name="nickname",
            description=None,
            dataType="string",
            nullable=True,
            isPartition=False,
            isBucket=False))
        self.assertEquals(columns2[1], Column(
            name="tolerance",
            description=None,
            dataType="float",
            nullable=True,
            isPartition=False,
            isBucket=False))
        self.assertRaisesRegexp(
            AnalysisException,
            "tab2",
            lambda: spark.catalog.listColumns("tab2"))
        self.assertRaisesRegexp(
            AnalysisException,
            "does_not_exist",
            lambda: spark.catalog.listColumns("does_not_exist"))

    def test_cache(self):
        spark = self.spark
        spark.createDataFrame([(2, 2), (3, 3)]).createOrReplaceTempView("tab1")
        spark.createDataFrame([(2, 2), (3, 3)]).createOrReplaceTempView("tab2")
        self.assertFalse(spark.catalog.isCached("tab1"))
        self.assertFalse(spark.catalog.isCached("tab2"))
        spark.catalog.cacheTable("tab1")
        self.assertTrue(spark.catalog.isCached("tab1"))
        self.assertFalse(spark.catalog.isCached("tab2"))
        spark.catalog.cacheTable("tab2")
        spark.catalog.uncacheTable("tab1")
        self.assertFalse(spark.catalog.isCached("tab1"))
        self.assertTrue(spark.catalog.isCached("tab2"))
        spark.catalog.clearCache()
        self.assertFalse(spark.catalog.isCached("tab1"))
        self.assertFalse(spark.catalog.isCached("tab2"))
        self.assertRaisesRegexp(
            AnalysisException,
            "does_not_exist",
            lambda: spark.catalog.isCached("does_not_exist"))
        self.assertRaisesRegexp(
            AnalysisException,
            "does_not_exist",
            lambda: spark.catalog.cacheTable("does_not_exist"))
        self.assertRaisesRegexp(
            AnalysisException,
            "does_not_exist",
            lambda: spark.catalog.uncacheTable("does_not_exist"))

    def test_read_text_file_list(self):
        df = self.spark.read.text(['python/test_support/sql/text-test.txt',
                                   'python/test_support/sql/text-test.txt'])
        count = df.count()
        self.assertEquals(count, 4)

    def test_BinaryType_serialization(self):
        # Pyrolite version <= 4.9 could not serialize BinaryType with Python3 SPARK-17808
        schema = StructType([StructField('mybytes', BinaryType())])
        data = [[bytearray(b'here is my data')],
                [bytearray(b'and here is some more')]]
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame(data, schema=schema)
        df.collect()

    # test for SPARK-16542
    def test_array_types(self):
        # This test need to make sure that the Scala type selected is at least
        # as large as the python's types. This is necessary because python's
        # array types depend on C implementation on the machine. Therefore there
        # is no machine independent correspondence between python's array types
        # and Scala types.
        # See: https://docs.python.org/2/library/array.html

        def assertCollectSuccess(typecode, value):
            row = Row(myarray=array.array(typecode, [value]))
            df = self.spark.createDataFrame([row])
            self.assertEqual(df.first()["myarray"][0], value)

        # supported string types
        #
        # String types in python's array are "u" for Py_UNICODE and "c" for char.
        # "u" will be removed in python 4, and "c" is not supported in python 3.
        supported_string_types = []
        if sys.version_info[0] < 4:
            supported_string_types += ['u']
            # test unicode
            assertCollectSuccess('u', u'a')
        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
            supported_string_types += ['c']
            # test string
            assertCollectSuccess('c', 'a')

        # supported float and double
        #
        # Test max, min, and precision for float and double, assuming IEEE 754
        # floating-point format.
        supported_fractional_types = ['f', 'd']
        assertCollectSuccess('f', ctypes.c_float(1e+38).value)
        assertCollectSuccess('f', ctypes.c_float(1e-38).value)
        assertCollectSuccess('f', ctypes.c_float(1.123456).value)
        assertCollectSuccess('d', sys.float_info.max)
        assertCollectSuccess('d', sys.float_info.min)
        assertCollectSuccess('d', sys.float_info.epsilon)

        # supported signed int types
        #
        # The size of C types changes with implementation, we need to make sure
        # that there is no overflow error on the platform running this test.
        supported_signed_int_types = list(
            set(_array_signed_int_typecode_ctype_mappings.keys())
            .intersection(set(_array_type_mappings.keys())))
        for t in supported_signed_int_types:
            ctype = _array_signed_int_typecode_ctype_mappings[t]
            max_val = 2 ** (ctypes.sizeof(ctype) * 8 - 1)
            assertCollectSuccess(t, max_val - 1)
            assertCollectSuccess(t, -max_val)

        # supported unsigned int types
        #
        # JVM does not have unsigned types. We need to be very careful to make
        # sure that there is no overflow error.
        supported_unsigned_int_types = list(
            set(_array_unsigned_int_typecode_ctype_mappings.keys())
            .intersection(set(_array_type_mappings.keys())))
        for t in supported_unsigned_int_types:
            ctype = _array_unsigned_int_typecode_ctype_mappings[t]
            assertCollectSuccess(t, 2 ** (ctypes.sizeof(ctype) * 8) - 1)

        # all supported types
        #
        # Make sure the types tested above:
        # 1. are all supported types
        # 2. cover all supported types
        supported_types = (supported_string_types +
                           supported_fractional_types +
                           supported_signed_int_types +
                           supported_unsigned_int_types)
        self.assertEqual(set(supported_types), set(_array_type_mappings.keys()))

        # all unsupported types
        #
        # Keys in _array_type_mappings is a complete list of all supported types,
        # and types not in _array_type_mappings are considered unsupported.
        # `array.typecodes` are not supported in python 2.
        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
            all_types = set(['c', 'b', 'B', 'u', 'h', 'H', 'i', 'I', 'l', 'L', 'f', 'd'])
        else:
            all_types = set(array.typecodes)
        unsupported_types = all_types - set(supported_types)
        # test unsupported types
        for t in unsupported_types:
            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
                a = array.array(t)
                self.spark.createDataFrame([Row(myarray=a)]).collect()

    def test_bucketed_write(self):
        data = [
            (1, "foo", 3.0), (2, "foo", 5.0),
            (3, "bar", -1.0), (4, "bar", 6.0),
        ]
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame(data, ["x", "y", "z"])

        def count_bucketed_cols(names, table="pyspark_bucket"):
            """Given a sequence of column names and a table name
            query the catalog and return number o columns which are
            used for bucketing
            """
            cols = self.spark.catalog.listColumns(table)
            num = len([c for c in cols if c.name in names and c.isBucket])
            return num

        # Test write with one bucketing column
        df.write.bucketBy(3, "x").mode("overwrite").saveAsTable("pyspark_bucket")
        self.assertEqual(count_bucketed_cols(["x"]), 1)
        self.assertSetEqual(set(data), set(self.spark.table("pyspark_bucket").collect()))

        # Test write two bucketing columns
        df.write.bucketBy(3, "x", "y").mode("overwrite").saveAsTable("pyspark_bucket")
        self.assertEqual(count_bucketed_cols(["x", "y"]), 2)
        self.assertSetEqual(set(data), set(self.spark.table("pyspark_bucket").collect()))

        # Test write with bucket and sort
        df.write.bucketBy(2, "x").sortBy("z").mode("overwrite").saveAsTable("pyspark_bucket")
        self.assertEqual(count_bucketed_cols(["x"]), 1)
        self.assertSetEqual(set(data), set(self.spark.table("pyspark_bucket").collect()))

        # Test write with a list of columns
        df.write.bucketBy(3, ["x", "y"]).mode("overwrite").saveAsTable("pyspark_bucket")
        self.assertEqual(count_bucketed_cols(["x", "y"]), 2)
        self.assertSetEqual(set(data), set(self.spark.table("pyspark_bucket").collect()))

        # Test write with bucket and sort with a list of columns
        (df.write.bucketBy(2, "x")
            .sortBy(["y", "z"])
            .mode("overwrite").saveAsTable("pyspark_bucket"))
        self.assertSetEqual(set(data), set(self.spark.table("pyspark_bucket").collect()))

        # Test write with bucket and sort with multiple columns
        (df.write.bucketBy(2, "x")
            .sortBy("y", "z")
            .mode("overwrite").saveAsTable("pyspark_bucket"))
        self.assertSetEqual(set(data), set(self.spark.table("pyspark_bucket").collect()))

    @unittest.skipIf(not _have_pandas, "Pandas not installed")
    def test_to_pandas(self):
        import numpy as np
        schema = StructType().add("a", IntegerType()).add("b", StringType())\
                             .add("c", BooleanType()).add("d", FloatType())
        data = [
            (1, "foo", True, 3.0), (2, "foo", True, 5.0),
            (3, "bar", False, -1.0), (4, "bar", False, 6.0),
        ]
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame(data, schema)
        types = df.toPandas().dtypes
        self.assertEquals(types[0], np.int32)
        self.assertEquals(types[1], np.object)
        self.assertEquals(types[2], np.bool)
        self.assertEquals(types[3], np.float32)

    def test_create_dataframe_from_array_of_long(self):
        import array
        data = [Row(longarray=array.array('l', [-9223372036854775808, 0, 9223372036854775807]))]
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame(data)
        self.assertEqual(df.first(), Row(longarray=[-9223372036854775808, 0, 9223372036854775807]))


class HiveSparkSubmitTests(SparkSubmitTests):

    def test_hivecontext(self):
        # This test checks that HiveContext is using Hive metastore (SPARK-16224).
        # It sets a metastore url and checks if there is a derby dir created by
        # Hive metastore. If this derby dir exists, HiveContext is using
        # Hive metastore.
        metastore_path = os.path.join(tempfile.mkdtemp(), "spark16224_metastore_db")
        metastore_URL = "jdbc:derby:;databaseName=" + metastore_path + ";create=true"
        hive_site_dir = os.path.join(self.programDir, "conf")
        hive_site_file = self.createTempFile("hive-site.xml", ("""
            |<configuration>
            |  <property>
            |  <name>javax.jdo.option.ConnectionURL</name>
            |  <value>%s</value>
            |  </property>
            |</configuration>
            """ % metastore_URL).lstrip(), "conf")
        script = self.createTempFile("test.py", """
            |import os
            |
            |from pyspark.conf import SparkConf
            |from pyspark.context import SparkContext
            |from pyspark.sql import HiveContext
            |
            |conf = SparkConf()
            |sc = SparkContext(conf=conf)
            |hive_context = HiveContext(sc)
            |print(hive_context.sql("show databases").collect())
            """)
        proc = subprocess.Popen(
            [self.sparkSubmit, "--master", "local-cluster[1,1,1024]",
             "--driver-class-path", hive_site_dir, script],
            stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
        out, err = proc.communicate()
        self.assertEqual(0, proc.returncode)
        self.assertIn("default", out.decode('utf-8'))
        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(metastore_path))


class SQLTests2(ReusedPySparkTestCase):

    @classmethod
    def setUpClass(cls):
        ReusedPySparkTestCase.setUpClass()
        cls.spark = SparkSession(cls.sc)

    @classmethod
    def tearDownClass(cls):
        ReusedPySparkTestCase.tearDownClass()
        cls.spark.stop()

    # We can't include this test into SQLTests because we will stop class's SparkContext and cause
    # other tests failed.
    def test_sparksession_with_stopped_sparkcontext(self):
        self.sc.stop()
        sc = SparkContext('local[4]', self.sc.appName)
        spark = SparkSession.builder.getOrCreate()
        df = spark.createDataFrame([(1, 2)], ["c", "c"])
        df.collect()


class UDFInitializationTests(unittest.TestCase):
    def tearDown(self):
        if SparkSession._instantiatedSession is not None:
            SparkSession._instantiatedSession.stop()

        if SparkContext._active_spark_context is not None:
            SparkContext._active_spark_contex.stop()

    def test_udf_init_shouldnt_initalize_context(self):
        from pyspark.sql.functions import UserDefinedFunction

        UserDefinedFunction(lambda x: x, StringType())

        self.assertIsNone(
            SparkContext._active_spark_context,
            "SparkContext shouldn't be initialized when UserDefinedFunction is created."
        )
        self.assertIsNone(
            SparkSession._instantiatedSession,
            "SparkSession shouldn't be initialized when UserDefinedFunction is created."
        )


class HiveContextSQLTests(ReusedPySparkTestCase):

    @classmethod
    def setUpClass(cls):
        ReusedPySparkTestCase.setUpClass()
        cls.tempdir = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False)
        try:
            cls.sc._jvm.org.apache.hadoop.hive.conf.HiveConf()
        except py4j.protocol.Py4JError:
            cls.tearDownClass()
            raise unittest.SkipTest("Hive is not available")
        except TypeError:
            cls.tearDownClass()
            raise unittest.SkipTest("Hive is not available")
        os.unlink(cls.tempdir.name)
        cls.spark = HiveContext._createForTesting(cls.sc)
        cls.testData = [Row(key=i, value=str(i)) for i in range(100)]
        cls.df = cls.sc.parallelize(cls.testData).toDF()

    @classmethod
    def tearDownClass(cls):
        ReusedPySparkTestCase.tearDownClass()
        shutil.rmtree(cls.tempdir.name, ignore_errors=True)

    def test_save_and_load_table(self):
        df = self.df
        tmpPath = tempfile.mkdtemp()
        shutil.rmtree(tmpPath)
        df.write.saveAsTable("savedJsonTable", "json", "append", path=tmpPath)
        actual = self.spark.createExternalTable("externalJsonTable", tmpPath, "json")
        self.assertEqual(sorted(df.collect()),
                         sorted(self.spark.sql("SELECT * FROM savedJsonTable").collect()))
        self.assertEqual(sorted(df.collect()),
                         sorted(self.spark.sql("SELECT * FROM externalJsonTable").collect()))
        self.assertEqual(sorted(df.collect()), sorted(actual.collect()))
        self.spark.sql("DROP TABLE externalJsonTable")

        df.write.saveAsTable("savedJsonTable", "json", "overwrite", path=tmpPath)
        schema = StructType([StructField("value", StringType(), True)])
        actual = self.spark.createExternalTable("externalJsonTable", source="json",
                                                schema=schema, path=tmpPath,
                                                noUse="this options will not be used")
        self.assertEqual(sorted(df.collect()),
                         sorted(self.spark.sql("SELECT * FROM savedJsonTable").collect()))
        self.assertEqual(sorted(df.select("value").collect()),
                         sorted(self.spark.sql("SELECT * FROM externalJsonTable").collect()))
        self.assertEqual(sorted(df.select("value").collect()), sorted(actual.collect()))
        self.spark.sql("DROP TABLE savedJsonTable")
        self.spark.sql("DROP TABLE externalJsonTable")

        defaultDataSourceName = self.spark.getConf("spark.sql.sources.default",
                                                   "org.apache.spark.sql.parquet")
        self.spark.sql("SET spark.sql.sources.default=org.apache.spark.sql.json")
        df.write.saveAsTable("savedJsonTable", path=tmpPath, mode="overwrite")
        actual = self.spark.createExternalTable("externalJsonTable", path=tmpPath)
        self.assertEqual(sorted(df.collect()),
                         sorted(self.spark.sql("SELECT * FROM savedJsonTable").collect()))
        self.assertEqual(sorted(df.collect()),
                         sorted(self.spark.sql("SELECT * FROM externalJsonTable").collect()))
        self.assertEqual(sorted(df.collect()), sorted(actual.collect()))
        self.spark.sql("DROP TABLE savedJsonTable")
        self.spark.sql("DROP TABLE externalJsonTable")
        self.spark.sql("SET spark.sql.sources.default=" + defaultDataSourceName)

        shutil.rmtree(tmpPath)

    def test_window_functions(self):
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([(1, "1"), (2, "2"), (1, "2"), (1, "2")], ["key", "value"])
        w = Window.partitionBy("value").orderBy("key")
        from pyspark.sql import functions as F
        sel = df.select(df.value, df.key,
                        F.max("key").over(w.rowsBetween(0, 1)),
                        F.min("key").over(w.rowsBetween(0, 1)),
                        F.count("key").over(w.rowsBetween(float('-inf'), float('inf'))),
                        F.row_number().over(w),
                        F.rank().over(w),
                        F.dense_rank().over(w),
                        F.ntile(2).over(w))
        rs = sorted(sel.collect())
        expected = [
            ("1", 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1),
            ("2", 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1),
            ("2", 1, 2, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1),
            ("2", 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2)
        ]
        for r, ex in zip(rs, expected):
            self.assertEqual(tuple(r), ex[:len(r)])

    def test_window_functions_without_partitionBy(self):
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([(1, "1"), (2, "2"), (1, "2"), (1, "2")], ["key", "value"])
        w = Window.orderBy("key", df.value)
        from pyspark.sql import functions as F
        sel = df.select(df.value, df.key,
                        F.max("key").over(w.rowsBetween(0, 1)),
                        F.min("key").over(w.rowsBetween(0, 1)),
                        F.count("key").over(w.rowsBetween(float('-inf'), float('inf'))),
                        F.row_number().over(w),
                        F.rank().over(w),
                        F.dense_rank().over(w),
                        F.ntile(2).over(w))
        rs = sorted(sel.collect())
        expected = [
            ("1", 1, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 1, 1),
            ("2", 1, 1, 1, 4, 2, 2, 2, 1),
            ("2", 1, 2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 2, 2),
            ("2", 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 3, 2)
        ]
        for r, ex in zip(rs, expected):
            self.assertEqual(tuple(r), ex[:len(r)])

    def test_window_functions_cumulative_sum(self):
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([("one", 1), ("two", 2)], ["key", "value"])
        from pyspark.sql import functions as F

        # Test cumulative sum
        sel = df.select(
            df.key,
            F.sum(df.value).over(Window.rowsBetween(Window.unboundedPreceding, 0)))
        rs = sorted(sel.collect())
        expected = [("one", 1), ("two", 3)]
        for r, ex in zip(rs, expected):
            self.assertEqual(tuple(r), ex[:len(r)])

        # Test boundary values less than JVM's Long.MinValue and make sure we don't overflow
        sel = df.select(
            df.key,
            F.sum(df.value).over(Window.rowsBetween(Window.unboundedPreceding - 1, 0)))
        rs = sorted(sel.collect())
        expected = [("one", 1), ("two", 3)]
        for r, ex in zip(rs, expected):
            self.assertEqual(tuple(r), ex[:len(r)])

        # Test boundary values greater than JVM's Long.MaxValue and make sure we don't overflow
        frame_end = Window.unboundedFollowing + 1
        sel = df.select(
            df.key,
            F.sum(df.value).over(Window.rowsBetween(Window.currentRow, frame_end)))
        rs = sorted(sel.collect())
        expected = [("one", 3), ("two", 2)]
        for r, ex in zip(rs, expected):
            self.assertEqual(tuple(r), ex[:len(r)])

    def test_collect_functions(self):
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([(1, "1"), (2, "2"), (1, "2"), (1, "2")], ["key", "value"])
        from pyspark.sql import functions

        self.assertEqual(
            sorted(df.select(functions.collect_set(df.key).alias('r')).collect()[0].r),
            [1, 2])
        self.assertEqual(
            sorted(df.select(functions.collect_list(df.key).alias('r')).collect()[0].r),
            [1, 1, 1, 2])
        self.assertEqual(
            sorted(df.select(functions.collect_set(df.value).alias('r')).collect()[0].r),
            ["1", "2"])
        self.assertEqual(
            sorted(df.select(functions.collect_list(df.value).alias('r')).collect()[0].r),
            ["1", "2", "2", "2"])

    def test_limit_and_take(self):
        df = self.spark.range(1, 1000, numPartitions=10)

        def assert_runs_only_one_job_stage_and_task(job_group_name, f):
            tracker = self.sc.statusTracker()
            self.sc.setJobGroup(job_group_name, description="")
            f()
            jobs = tracker.getJobIdsForGroup(job_group_name)
            self.assertEqual(1, len(jobs))
            stages = tracker.getJobInfo(jobs[0]).stageIds
            self.assertEqual(1, len(stages))
            self.assertEqual(1, tracker.getStageInfo(stages[0]).numTasks)

        # Regression test for SPARK-10731: take should delegate to Scala implementation
        assert_runs_only_one_job_stage_and_task("take", lambda: df.take(1))
        # Regression test for SPARK-17514: limit(n).collect() should the perform same as take(n)
        assert_runs_only_one_job_stage_and_task("collect_limit", lambda: df.limit(1).collect())

    def test_datetime_functions(self):
        from pyspark.sql import functions
        from datetime import date, datetime
        df = self.spark.range(1).selectExpr("'2017-01-22' as dateCol")
        parse_result = df.select(functions.to_date(functions.col("dateCol"))).first()
        self.assertEquals(date(2017, 1, 22), parse_result['to_date(`dateCol`)'])

    @unittest.skipIf(sys.version_info < (3, 3), "Unittest < 3.3 doesn't support mocking")
    def test_unbounded_frames(self):
        from unittest.mock import patch
        from pyspark.sql import functions as F
        from pyspark.sql import window
        import importlib

        df = self.spark.range(0, 3)

        def rows_frame_match():
            return "ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING" in df.select(
                F.count("*").over(window.Window.rowsBetween(-sys.maxsize, sys.maxsize))
            ).columns[0]

        def range_frame_match():
            return "RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING" in df.select(
                F.count("*").over(window.Window.rangeBetween(-sys.maxsize, sys.maxsize))
            ).columns[0]

        with patch("sys.maxsize", 2 ** 31 - 1):
            importlib.reload(window)
            self.assertTrue(rows_frame_match())
            self.assertTrue(range_frame_match())

        with patch("sys.maxsize", 2 ** 63 - 1):
            importlib.reload(window)
            self.assertTrue(rows_frame_match())
            self.assertTrue(range_frame_match())

        with patch("sys.maxsize", 2 ** 127 - 1):
            importlib.reload(window)
            self.assertTrue(rows_frame_match())
            self.assertTrue(range_frame_match())

        importlib.reload(window)


class DataTypeVerificationTests(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_verify_type_exception_msg(self):
        self.assertRaisesRegexp(
            ValueError,
            "test_name",
            lambda: _make_type_verifier(StringType(), nullable=False, name="test_name")(None))

        schema = StructType([StructField('a', StructType([StructField('b', IntegerType())]))])
        self.assertRaisesRegexp(
            TypeError,
            "field b in field a",
            lambda: _make_type_verifier(schema)([["data"]]))

    def test_verify_type_ok_nullable(self):
        obj = None
        types = [IntegerType(), FloatType(), StringType(), StructType([])]
        for data_type in types:
            try:
                _make_type_verifier(data_type, nullable=True)(obj)
            except Exception:
                self.fail("verify_type(%s, %s, nullable=True)" % (obj, data_type))

    def test_verify_type_not_nullable(self):
        import array
        import datetime
        import decimal

        schema = StructType([
            StructField('s', StringType(), nullable=False),
            StructField('i', IntegerType(), nullable=True)])

        class MyObj:
            def __init__(self, **kwargs):
                for k, v in kwargs.items():
                    setattr(self, k, v)

        # obj, data_type
        success_spec = [
            # String
            ("", StringType()),
            (u"", StringType()),
            (1, StringType()),
            (1.0, StringType()),
            ([], StringType()),
            ({}, StringType()),

            # UDT
            (ExamplePoint(1.0, 2.0), ExamplePointUDT()),

            # Boolean
            (True, BooleanType()),

            # Byte
            (-(2**7), ByteType()),
            (2**7 - 1, ByteType()),

            # Short
            (-(2**15), ShortType()),
            (2**15 - 1, ShortType()),

            # Integer
            (-(2**31), IntegerType()),
            (2**31 - 1, IntegerType()),

            # Long
            (2**64, LongType()),

            # Float & Double
            (1.0, FloatType()),
            (1.0, DoubleType()),

            # Decimal
            (decimal.Decimal("1.0"), DecimalType()),

            # Binary
            (bytearray([1, 2]), BinaryType()),

            # Date/Timestamp
            (datetime.date(2000, 1, 2), DateType()),
            (datetime.datetime(2000, 1, 2, 3, 4), DateType()),
            (datetime.datetime(2000, 1, 2, 3, 4), TimestampType()),

            # Array
            ([], ArrayType(IntegerType())),
            (["1", None], ArrayType(StringType(), containsNull=True)),
            ([1, 2], ArrayType(IntegerType())),
            ((1, 2), ArrayType(IntegerType())),
            (array.array('h', [1, 2]), ArrayType(IntegerType())),

            # Map
            ({}, MapType(StringType(), IntegerType())),
            ({"a": 1}, MapType(StringType(), IntegerType())),
            ({"a": None}, MapType(StringType(), IntegerType(), valueContainsNull=True)),

            # Struct
            ({"s": "a", "i": 1}, schema),
            ({"s": "a", "i": None}, schema),
            ({"s": "a"}, schema),
            ({"s": "a", "f": 1.0}, schema),
            (Row(s="a", i=1), schema),
            (Row(s="a", i=None), schema),
            (Row(s="a", i=1, f=1.0), schema),
            (["a", 1], schema),
            (["a", None], schema),
            (("a", 1), schema),
            (MyObj(s="a", i=1), schema),
            (MyObj(s="a", i=None), schema),
            (MyObj(s="a"), schema),
        ]

        # obj, data_type, exception class
        failure_spec = [
            # String (match anything but None)
            (None, StringType(), ValueError),

            # UDT
            (ExamplePoint(1.0, 2.0), PythonOnlyUDT(), ValueError),

            # Boolean
            (1, BooleanType(), TypeError),
            ("True", BooleanType(), TypeError),
            ([1], BooleanType(), TypeError),

            # Byte
            (-(2**7) - 1, ByteType(), ValueError),
            (2**7, ByteType(), ValueError),
            ("1", ByteType(), TypeError),
            (1.0, ByteType(), TypeError),

            # Short
            (-(2**15) - 1, ShortType(), ValueError),
            (2**15, ShortType(), ValueError),

            # Integer
            (-(2**31) - 1, IntegerType(), ValueError),
            (2**31, IntegerType(), ValueError),

            # Float & Double
            (1, FloatType(), TypeError),
            (1, DoubleType(), TypeError),

            # Decimal
            (1.0, DecimalType(), TypeError),
            (1, DecimalType(), TypeError),
            ("1.0", DecimalType(), TypeError),

            # Binary
            (1, BinaryType(), TypeError),

            # Date/Timestamp
            ("2000-01-02", DateType(), TypeError),
            (946811040, TimestampType(), TypeError),

            # Array
            (["1", None], ArrayType(StringType(), containsNull=False), ValueError),
            ([1, "2"], ArrayType(IntegerType()), TypeError),

            # Map
            ({"a": 1}, MapType(IntegerType(), IntegerType()), TypeError),
            ({"a": "1"}, MapType(StringType(), IntegerType()), TypeError),
            ({"a": None}, MapType(StringType(), IntegerType(), valueContainsNull=False),
             ValueError),

            # Struct
            ({"s": "a", "i": "1"}, schema, TypeError),
            (Row(s="a"), schema, ValueError),     # Row can't have missing field
            (Row(s="a", i="1"), schema, TypeError),
            (["a"], schema, ValueError),
            (["a", "1"], schema, TypeError),
            (MyObj(s="a", i="1"), schema, TypeError),
            (MyObj(s=None, i="1"), schema, ValueError),
        ]

        # Check success cases
        for obj, data_type in success_spec:
            try:
                _make_type_verifier(data_type, nullable=False)(obj)
            except Exception:
                self.fail("verify_type(%s, %s, nullable=False)" % (obj, data_type))

        # Check failure cases
        for obj, data_type, exp in failure_spec:
            msg = "verify_type(%s, %s, nullable=False) == %s" % (obj, data_type, exp)
            with self.assertRaises(exp, msg=msg):
                _make_type_verifier(data_type, nullable=False)(obj)


@unittest.skipIf(not _have_arrow, "Arrow not installed")
class ArrowTests(ReusedPySparkTestCase):

    @classmethod
    def setUpClass(cls):
        ReusedPySparkTestCase.setUpClass()
        cls.spark = SparkSession(cls.sc)
        cls.spark.conf.set("spark.sql.execution.arrow.enable", "true")
        cls.schema = StructType([
            StructField("1_str_t", StringType(), True),
            StructField("2_int_t", IntegerType(), True),
            StructField("3_long_t", LongType(), True),
            StructField("4_float_t", FloatType(), True),
            StructField("5_double_t", DoubleType(), True)])
        cls.data = [("a", 1, 10, 0.2, 2.0),
                    ("b", 2, 20, 0.4, 4.0),
                    ("c", 3, 30, 0.8, 6.0)]

    def assertFramesEqual(self, df_with_arrow, df_without):
        msg = ("DataFrame from Arrow is not equal" +
               ("\n\nWith Arrow:\n%s\n%s" % (df_with_arrow, df_with_arrow.dtypes)) +
               ("\n\nWithout:\n%s\n%s" % (df_without, df_without.dtypes)))
        self.assertTrue(df_without.equals(df_with_arrow), msg=msg)

    def test_unsupported_datatype(self):
        schema = StructType([StructField("dt", DateType(), True)])
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame([(datetime.date(1970, 1, 1),)], schema=schema)
        with QuietTest(self.sc):
            self.assertRaises(Exception, lambda: df.toPandas())

    def test_null_conversion(self):
        df_null = self.spark.createDataFrame([tuple([None for _ in range(len(self.data[0]))])] +
                                             self.data)
        pdf = df_null.toPandas()
        null_counts = pdf.isnull().sum().tolist()
        self.assertTrue(all([c == 1 for c in null_counts]))

    def test_toPandas_arrow_toggle(self):
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame(self.data, schema=self.schema)
        self.spark.conf.set("spark.sql.execution.arrow.enable", "false")
        pdf = df.toPandas()
        self.spark.conf.set("spark.sql.execution.arrow.enable", "true")
        pdf_arrow = df.toPandas()
        self.assertFramesEqual(pdf_arrow, pdf)

    def test_pandas_round_trip(self):
        import pandas as pd
        import numpy as np
        data_dict = {}
        for j, name in enumerate(self.schema.names):
            data_dict[name] = [self.data[i][j] for i in range(len(self.data))]
        # need to convert these to numpy types first
        data_dict["2_int_t"] = np.int32(data_dict["2_int_t"])
        data_dict["4_float_t"] = np.float32(data_dict["4_float_t"])
        pdf = pd.DataFrame(data=data_dict)
        df = self.spark.createDataFrame(self.data, schema=self.schema)
        pdf_arrow = df.toPandas()
        self.assertFramesEqual(pdf_arrow, pdf)

    def test_filtered_frame(self):
        df = self.spark.range(3).toDF("i")
        pdf = df.filter("i < 0").toPandas()
        self.assertEqual(len(pdf.columns), 1)
        self.assertEqual(pdf.columns[0], "i")
        self.assertTrue(pdf.empty)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    from pyspark.sql.tests import *
    if xmlrunner:
        unittest.main(testRunner=xmlrunner.XMLTestRunner(output='target/test-reports'))
    else:
        unittest.main()
